Period 1: c.1200-c.1450ad (notes)
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152 Terms
what are Romes three heirs?
Byzantine empire, Islamic empire, Western Europe
How did Rome fall?
had it too good, panom et circuncum, mercenaries
Where does the Byzantine Empire get most of all its food from?
Anatolian Peninsula
who was emperor Justinian I?
Divinely appointed man who wanted to bring the glory of Rome back
what does it mean to be "divinely appointed"
it means to be a legitimate ruler selected by God
what was the Roman language that Justinian himself spoke?
Latin
What is that Hagia Sophia?
a catholic church
define Bureaucracy machinery
people who make sure they are working efficiently in a work space
Who were the only educated people in western Europe?
monks & nuns
Why was Constantinople a successful trading hub ?
because it was between the Black sea and Mediterranean sea
overtime Rome becomes more "_________" than roman
Greek
What is the Arabian peninsula?
a giant desert
what did bedouin tribes consist of?
Arabs/camels herdsmen
What was the bedouin tribes religion?
polytheistic or anamistic
what does it mean to be Anamistic?
It means to believe the spiritual world and earth are in the same place. And that everything is spiritual
How were bedouin tribes governed?
they were split up in different tribes
Why did the Arabian peninsula become a trading hub?
Because trade was safer
What is the black stone?
a sacred rock; meteorite
Where is the black stone, and who built it?
in the Ka'aba; Abraham
why does Mecca attract so many people?
because of pilgrimage and because of the peace there
Who does Mecca attract and why?
christians & jews, because they all believe in the same God
Who is Muhammad?
an orphan, middle man, and founder of Islam
what were important characteristics of Muhammad?
empathetic, kind, a great middle man
In 610 ad what happend?
Muhammad was given Gods word by Gabrial
what language was the Quran originally written in?
Arabic
What does Jihad mean?
inner struggle to do what your religion says is right
who were the last prophets?
Adam, Abraham, Moses, an Jesus
Is Muhammad in a clan if so who"s clan is he in?
his uncles
The old and new testament are what?
divinely appointed
Where did Muhammad move to?
Mecca to Yathib
Why was Muhammad moving to Yathrib risky?
his uncles clan could not protect him
when did Muhammad begin?
622 AD
define the word Abitrator?
a middle man
how many tribes were in the blood feud?
8
What did the constitution of Medina do?
unties the tribes
How does Muhammad end tribal warfare?
by converting the people of Islam to follow his religion, in this case you cant kill another muslim
what other name is Medina called?
"city of the prophets"
How many times did Muhammad win the war?
3 times
Why did people start to convert to muslim?
because they believe it was only God that helped Muhammad with the wars
why is Islam a unifying factor?
because all the clans and tribes were united together under Islam
what year was Mecca conquered by Muhammad and his clan?
632 AD
Why did they go into towns to destroy everything with polytheism gods?
to send a message that there is one true God
what did they not destroy in the temples?
Mary, Jesus, black Stone
Who is the next caliph?
Muhammads father in law
what type of government did Islam come to have?
Theocracy
what is a Caliphate?
Islamic state
Where did the Caliphate expand to?
Arabia, Persia, byzantine empire
define power vaccum?
a political term referring to someone in power losing control of their power
why did the Islamic caliphate expand successfully?
the people didn't care and they had lower taxes
what is another word for schism?
split
How was Uthman as a caliph?
he was horrible at his job
How did his orgin affect how he did as a caliph?
his family didn't originally follow Islam, and they worshipped wealthy trade
who was the next caliph after Uthman?
Ali
who was Ali?
Muhammads cousin
what year was Uthman murdered in?
656 AD
what year did Ali get murdered in?
661 AD
Why did Islam split?
because the people could not decide on whether the caliph should be blood related or the best suited
what did the sunni believe?
Muhammads successor should be the best suited
what were the sunni people called?
"The followers of tradition"
How many people are sunni?
majority of the world
what did the shia believe?
the successor of Muhammad should be blood related.
what were the shia people called?
"The partisans of Ali"
when Islam became the Umayyad Dynasty what happend?
they would no longer hold elections and the bloodline is the kinngdom
where did they move Mecca to?
Damascus
why was Damascus a good trading center?
it attracted people on pilgrimage, it was the intersection of the silk road, trans sahara route, and the mediterranean sea
why did the Umayyad not trust the Arabs and who did they hire instead?
security reasons, Greeks
why did the Umayyad unpopular?
most people blamed them for the split of Islam
Where did the dynasty expand too?
Africa and Iberian Peninsula
What is the capitol of the Iberian Peninsula?
Cordoba
why did did they capitalize Cordoba?
religiously tolerant, promotes trade, center of learning
What dynasty arises after the Umayyad fails?
The Abbasid dynasty
where does the capitol get moved to?
Baghdad
what is the house of wisdom?
public collage, where super smart people debate and expand on theories
What factors do we use today came from the Abbasid dynasty?
numeral system, alabra, zero, decimals
Famous Greek philosophers
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
because of what is how we still have Socrates, plato, and Aristotle's works today?
the House of Wisdom
what is culture disfusion?
moving culture
what territory did the Abbasids lose?
Cordoba Caliphate
Who were Turks?
nomads from central asia, they were muslim
define Mamluks?
slave soldiers
what type of government did the Turks have?
tribal
who were the Turks to the Abbasid?
mamluks
what year did the Abbasid Dynasty fall?
1055 AD
what is the name of the new empire after the Abbasid?
Abbasid Sultanate
what is a sultan?
ruler; but only a political ruler
what is a caliph?
political and religious leader
what are Islams 5 pillars?
faith, prayer, giving, Ramadan fasting, and pilgrimage
what are some sharia laws?
cant eat pork, no drinking, no gambling, no dating
Islam was mostly patriarchal but what were some things women could do?
could divorce, inherit property, trade
what were Islamic churches called?
Mosques
what does anti-scimitism mean?
you hate jews
what is an Indulgence act?
an act you have to do to be forgiven
what is eucharist?
the body and blood of Jesus
what is indulgence?
an act you have to do to be forgiven
define icon
an image or picture of God
Iconoclasm controversy is?
is when a church doesn’t use religious icons
Islam spreading is an example of-
cultural diffusion
why were icons banned by the Byzantine emperors?
pagainst act of idol worship, influence of Islam, addresses Islams greatest criticism of christianity
why cant the Pope get rid of Iconoclasm?
it was started by saint Peter, which they pray too
when was there a culture split?
in 1054 ad