The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

Holy Roman Empire

Main battleground during the Thirty Years War.

Catholics vs Protestants

Initial conflict between religious factions.

Habsburg Power

Threatened by the war's end.

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 agreement ending the Thirty Years War.

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed Protestantism.

Defenestration of Prague

1618 event triggering Bohemian rebellion.

Frederick II

Bohemian king named by rebels.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

General who led Ferdinand's army.

Edict of Restitution

1629 law restoring Catholic lands lost since 1552.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish king who invaded the Holy Roman Empire.

Wallenstein Assassination

Executed to appease German princes' fears.

Swiss Confederation

Switzerland gained independence from the Empire.

Brandenburg Territories

Gained important lands in the conflict.