1.5 Growth + Evolution

studied byStudied by 3 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

economies of scale

1 / 62

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

63 Terms

1

economies of scale

when avg costs of production decrease when the organization increases the size of its operations

New cards
2

cost reducing benefits enjoyed by firms engaged in large scale operations

economies of scale

New cards
3

diseconomies of scale

organization becomes too large, causing productive inefficiencies that result in an increase in avg costs of production

New cards
4

it is the cost disadvantages of growth when the business becomes too big

diseconomies of scale

New cards
5

pic

New cards
6

pic

New cards
7

pic

New cards
8

economies of scale help companies gain what and how?

competitive advantage; lower price to customers and larger profit margin for business

New cards
9

internal economies of scale

occurs inside the firm and within the firm’s control

New cards
10

types of internal economies of scale

technical, financial, managerial, specialization, marketing, purchasing, risk-bearing

New cards
11

technical economies

  • internal

  • large firms use machinery for mass production

  • reduction of avg costs of production

New cards
12

financial economies

  • internal

  • large firms borrow large sums of money at low interest cuz less risky to financiers

  • reduction of costs of borrowing finance

New cards
13

managerial economies

  • internal

  • large firms divide managerial roles by employing specialist managers

  • small firms can’t cuz sole trader has to be marketer, accountant, and production manager

  • avg cost falls cuz high productivity

New cards
14

specialization economies

  • internal

  • division of labor of workforce

  • mass production —> manufacturers benefit from specialized labor

  • specialists responsible for single part of production process

  • fall of avg costs due to higher productivity

New cards
15

marketing economies

  • internal

  • large firms benefit from selling in bulk

  • ads high cost can be spread by using same marketing campaign across world

New cards
16

purchasing economies

  • internal

  • large firms benefit from selling in bulk

  • bulk purchases have discounts

  • large firms purchase large quantities for big discounts

New cards
17

risk-bearing economies

  • internal

  • conglomerates can spread fixed costs across business ops

  • unfavorable trading conditions can be offset by more favorable trading conditions in other products

New cards
18

conglomerates

several different companies (that stay separate) that are grouped together under one big company

New cards
19

examples of internal diseconomies of scale

lack of control and coordination, poorer working relationships, lower productive efficiency from outsourcing, bureaucracy, complacency

New cards
20

types of external economies of scale

technological progress, improved transportation networks, abundance of skilled labor, regional specialization

New cards
21

technological progress

  • external economy

  • tech innovations increase productivity within industry w significant cost savings

New cards
22

improved transportation networks

  • external economy

  • global transportation networks enable firms to import raw materials / finished goods manufactured at low costs

  • increased convenience from improved logistical networks allows faster delivery at lower costs

New cards
23

abundance of skilled labor

  • external economy

  • certain locations benefit from reputable education

  • local business benefit by having suitable pool of educated / trained labor

  • reduces cost of recruitment / training

New cards
24

regional specialization

  • external economy

  • certain locations / countries have reputation for specializing in specific goods + services

  • benefit from access to special labor, sub-contractors, + suppliers

  • charge premium price for their products

New cards
25

examples of external diseconomies of scale

higher rents, local market conditions for pay + financial rewards, traffic congestion, context specific problems

New cards
26

internal growth

when business grows using itself to increase scale of its ops and sales revenue

New cards
27

external growth

through dealing w outside organizations + comes in form of alliances + m&a

New cards
28

methods of internal growth

changing prices, effective promotions, product innovation, increased distribution, preferential credit for customers, capital expenditure, staff training + development, providing overall vale for money

New cards
29

advantage of internal growth

  • better control and coordination

  • relatively inexpensive

  • maintains corporate culture

  • generally, less risky

New cards
30

disadvantage of internal growth

  • diseconomies of scale

  • Restructuring of the form of ownership may be needed

  • May lead to dilution of control and ownership

  • Slower method of growth

New cards
31

disadvantage of external growth

  • quicker than organic growth

  • synergies

  • reduced competition

  • economies of scale

  • spreading of risks

New cards
32

disadvantage of external growth

  • more expensive than internal growth

  • greater risks

  • regulatory barriers

  • potential diseconomies of scale

  • organizational culture clash

New cards
33

how can businesses be measured?

market share, total sales revenue, size of workforce, profit, capital employed

New cards
34

generic benefits of being a large business

  • Economies of scale

  • Lower prices

  • Brand recognition

  • Brand reputation

  • Value-added services

  • Greater choice

  • Customer loyalty

New cards
35

generic benefits of being a small business

  • Cost control

  • Loss of control

  • Financial risks

  • Government aid

  • Local monopoly power

  • Personalized services

  • Flexibility

  • Small market size

New cards
36

optimal size of a business depends on…

internal structure, costs, aims + objectives

New cards
37

mergers

takes place when two firms agree to form a new company with its own legal identity

New cards
38

acquisitions

occurs when a company buys a controlling interest in another firm with the permission and agreement of its board of directors

New cards
39

benefits of M&As

  • Greater market share

  • Economies of scale

  • Synergy • Survival

  • Diversification

  • Gain entry into new markets

New cards
40

drawbacks of M&As

  • Redundancies

  • Conflict

  • Culture clash

  • Loss of control

  • Diseconomies of scale

  • Regulatory problems

New cards
41

external growth methods

horizontal, vertical, lateral, conglomerate

New cards
42

horizontal growth

same industry (banks)

New cards
43

vertical growth

businesses at a different stage of production (coffee manufacturer merges with a coffee beans supplier)

New cards
44

lateral growth

similar operations but don’t directly compete (Pepsi and Quaker Oats)

New cards
45

conglomerate growth

completely different market (Berkshire Hathaway)

New cards
46

success of M&As depend on…

  • the level of planning

  • aptitudes of the senior leaders

  • regulatory (government) issues

New cards
47

takeovers

occurs when a company purchases a controlling stake in another company without the permission and agreement of the company or board of directors

New cards
48

takeovers are also called…

hostile takeovers

New cards
49

joint ventures

occurs when two or more businesses split the costs, risks, control and rewards of a business project and the parties agree to set up a new legal entity

New cards
50

strategic alliances

occurs when two or more businesses cooperate in a business venture for mutual benefit

New cards
51

The firms in the strategic alliances…

share the costs of product development, marketing, and operations but remain independent organizations

New cards
52

4 stages of strategic alliances

  • Feasibility study

  • Partnership assessment

  • Contract negotiation

  • Implementation

New cards
53

main purposes of strategic alliances

  • Gain synergies from the strength of members of the alliance

  • Economies of scale

  • Customers may benefit from the added value of convenience of access/wider distribution channels

New cards
54

benefits of joint ventures and strategic alliances

  • Synergy

  • Spreading costs and risks

  • Entry to new/foreign markets

  • Relatively cheap

  • Competitive advantages

  • Exploitation of local knowledge

  • Relatively high success rate

New cards
55

drawbacks of joint ventures and strategic alliances

  • Rely heavily on goodwill and resources of their counterparts

  • Enormous expenditure on brand development

  • Possible culture clashes

New cards
56

franchising

a form of business ownership whereby a person or business buys a license to trade using another firm’s name, logos, brands, and trademarks

New cards
57

franchisor

the firm selling the license

New cards
58

franchisee

the entrepreneur buying the license

New cards
59

royalty payment

percentage of sales (like a commission)

New cards
60

benefits of franchising for franchisors

  • Cheaper and faster than internal growth

  • Enter new local and international markets

  • Growth without incurring day-to-day running costs

  • Income from royalty payments

  • Franchisees are more motivated than salaried managers

New cards
61

benefits of franchising for franchisees

  • Relatively low risk

  • Relatively lower start-up costs

  • Training and advice on financial management

  • Large scale advertising performed by franchisor

  • Greater likelihood of success due to local market insights

New cards
62

drawbacks of franchising for franchisors

  • Risk damage to brand name if franchisees are unsuccessful

  • Monitoring quality standards or franchisees can be difficult

  • Slower growth method than M&As

New cards
63

drawbacks of franchising for franchisees

  • Stifled creativity due to many franchisor rules and requirements

  • Can be very expensive to buy a franchise with no guarantee of a return on investment

  • Significant percentage of revenues paid to franchisor

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 46 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 65 people
... ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 217 people
... ago
4.8(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 20 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 2072 people
... ago
4.9(8)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (28)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (77)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 326 people
... ago
4.4(16)
flashcards Flashcard (21)
studied byStudied by 101 people
... ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (26)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (192)
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (41)
studied byStudied by 36 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (123)
studied byStudied by 342 people
... ago
5.0(5)
robot