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economies of scale
when avg costs of production decrease when the organization increases the size of its operations
cost reducing benefits enjoyed by firms engaged in large scale operations
economies of scale
diseconomies of scale
organization becomes too large, causing productive inefficiencies that result in an increase in avg costs of production
it is the cost disadvantages of growth when the business becomes too big
diseconomies of scale
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economies of scale help companies gain what and how?
competitive advantage; lower price to customers and larger profit margin for business
internal economies of scale
occurs inside the firm and within the firm’s control
types of internal economies of scale
technical, financial, managerial, specialization, marketing, purchasing, risk-bearing
technical economies
internal
large firms use machinery for mass production
reduction of avg costs of production
financial economies
internal
large firms borrow large sums of money at low interest cuz less risky to financiers
reduction of costs of borrowing finance
managerial economies
internal
large firms divide managerial roles by employing specialist managers
small firms can’t cuz sole trader has to be marketer, accountant, and production manager
avg cost falls cuz high productivity
specialization economies
internal
division of labor of workforce
mass production —> manufacturers benefit from specialized labor
specialists responsible for single part of production process
fall of avg costs due to higher productivity
marketing economies
internal
large firms benefit from selling in bulk
ads high cost can be spread by using same marketing campaign across world
purchasing economies
internal
large firms benefit from selling in bulk
bulk purchases have discounts
large firms purchase large quantities for big discounts
risk-bearing economies
internal
conglomerates can spread fixed costs across business ops
unfavorable trading conditions can be offset by more favorable trading conditions in other products
conglomerates
several different companies (that stay separate) that are grouped together under one big company
examples of internal diseconomies of scale
lack of control and coordination, poorer working relationships, lower productive efficiency from outsourcing, bureaucracy, complacency
types of external economies of scale
technological progress, improved transportation networks, abundance of skilled labor, regional specialization
technological progress
external economy
tech innovations increase productivity within industry w significant cost savings
improved transportation networks
external economy
global transportation networks enable firms to import raw materials / finished goods manufactured at low costs
increased convenience from improved logistical networks allows faster delivery at lower costs
abundance of skilled labor
external economy
certain locations benefit from reputable education
local business benefit by having suitable pool of educated / trained labor
reduces cost of recruitment / training
regional specialization
external economy
certain locations / countries have reputation for specializing in specific goods + services
benefit from access to special labor, sub-contractors, + suppliers
charge premium price for their products
examples of external diseconomies of scale
higher rents, local market conditions for pay + financial rewards, traffic congestion, context specific problems
internal growth
when business grows using itself to increase scale of its ops and sales revenue
external growth
through dealing w outside organizations + comes in form of alliances + m&a
methods of internal growth
changing prices, effective promotions, product innovation, increased distribution, preferential credit for customers, capital expenditure, staff training + development, providing overall vale for money
advantage of internal growth
better control and coordination
relatively inexpensive
maintains corporate culture
generally, less risky
disadvantage of internal growth
diseconomies of scale
Restructuring of the form of ownership may be needed
May lead to dilution of control and ownership
Slower method of growth
disadvantage of external growth
quicker than organic growth
synergies
reduced competition
economies of scale
spreading of risks
disadvantage of external growth
more expensive than internal growth
greater risks
regulatory barriers
potential diseconomies of scale
organizational culture clash
how can businesses be measured?
market share, total sales revenue, size of workforce, profit, capital employed
generic benefits of being a large business
Economies of scale
Lower prices
Brand recognition
Brand reputation
Value-added services
Greater choice
Customer loyalty
generic benefits of being a small business
Cost control
Loss of control
Financial risks
Government aid
Local monopoly power
Personalized services
Flexibility
Small market size
optimal size of a business depends on…
internal structure, costs, aims + objectives
mergers
takes place when two firms agree to form a new company with its own legal identity
acquisitions
occurs when a company buys a controlling interest in another firm with the permission and agreement of its board of directors
benefits of M&As
Greater market share
Economies of scale
Synergy • Survival
Diversification
Gain entry into new markets
drawbacks of M&As
Redundancies
Conflict
Culture clash
Loss of control
Diseconomies of scale
Regulatory problems
external growth methods
horizontal, vertical, lateral, conglomerate
horizontal growth
same industry (banks)
vertical growth
businesses at a different stage of production (coffee manufacturer merges with a coffee beans supplier)
lateral growth
similar operations but don’t directly compete (Pepsi and Quaker Oats)
conglomerate growth
completely different market (Berkshire Hathaway)
success of M&As depend on…
the level of planning
aptitudes of the senior leaders
regulatory (government) issues
takeovers
occurs when a company purchases a controlling stake in another company without the permission and agreement of the company or board of directors
takeovers are also called…
hostile takeovers
joint ventures
occurs when two or more businesses split the costs, risks, control and rewards of a business project and the parties agree to set up a new legal entity
strategic alliances
occurs when two or more businesses cooperate in a business venture for mutual benefit
The firms in the strategic alliances…
share the costs of product development, marketing, and operations but remain independent organizations
4 stages of strategic alliances
Feasibility study
Partnership assessment
Contract negotiation
Implementation
main purposes of strategic alliances
Gain synergies from the strength of members of the alliance
Economies of scale
Customers may benefit from the added value of convenience of access/wider distribution channels
benefits of joint ventures and strategic alliances
Synergy
Spreading costs and risks
Entry to new/foreign markets
Relatively cheap
Competitive advantages
Exploitation of local knowledge
Relatively high success rate
drawbacks of joint ventures and strategic alliances
Rely heavily on goodwill and resources of their counterparts
Enormous expenditure on brand development
Possible culture clashes
franchising
a form of business ownership whereby a person or business buys a license to trade using another firm’s name, logos, brands, and trademarks
franchisor
the firm selling the license
franchisee
the entrepreneur buying the license
royalty payment
percentage of sales (like a commission)
benefits of franchising for franchisors
Cheaper and faster than internal growth
Enter new local and international markets
Growth without incurring day-to-day running costs
Income from royalty payments
Franchisees are more motivated than salaried managers
benefits of franchising for franchisees
Relatively low risk
Relatively lower start-up costs
Training and advice on financial management
Large scale advertising performed by franchisor
Greater likelihood of success due to local market insights
drawbacks of franchising for franchisors
Risk damage to brand name if franchisees are unsuccessful
Monitoring quality standards or franchisees can be difficult
Slower growth method than M&As
drawbacks of franchising for franchisees
Stifled creativity due to many franchisor rules and requirements
Can be very expensive to buy a franchise with no guarantee of a return on investment
Significant percentage of revenues paid to franchisor