1.5 Growth + Evolution

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economies of scale

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63 Terms

1

economies of scale

when avg costs of production decrease when the organization increases the size of its operations

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2

cost reducing benefits enjoyed by firms engaged in large scale operations

economies of scale

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3

diseconomies of scale

organization becomes too large, causing productive inefficiencies that result in an increase in avg costs of production

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4

it is the cost disadvantages of growth when the business becomes too big

diseconomies of scale

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5

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8

economies of scale help companies gain what and how?

competitive advantage; lower price to customers and larger profit margin for business

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9

internal economies of scale

occurs inside the firm and within the firmā€™s control

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10

types of internal economies of scale

technical, financial, managerial, specialization, marketing, purchasing, risk-bearing

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11

technical economies

  • internal

  • large firms use machinery for mass production

  • reduction of avg costs of production

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12

financial economies

  • internal

  • large firms borrow large sums of money at low interest cuz less risky to financiers

  • reduction of costs of borrowing finance

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13

managerial economies

  • internal

  • large firms divide managerial roles by employing specialist managers

  • small firms canā€™t cuz sole trader has to be marketer, accountant, and production manager

  • avg cost falls cuz high productivity

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14

specialization economies

  • internal

  • division of labor of workforce

  • mass production ā€”> manufacturers benefit from specialized labor

  • specialists responsible for single part of production process

  • fall of avg costs due to higher productivity

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15

marketing economies

  • internal

  • large firms benefit from selling in bulk

  • ads high cost can be spread by using same marketing campaign across world

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16

purchasing economies

  • internal

  • large firms benefit from selling in bulk

  • bulk purchases have discounts

  • large firms purchase large quantities for big discounts

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17

risk-bearing economies

  • internal

  • conglomerates can spread fixed costs across business ops

  • unfavorable trading conditions can be offset by more favorable trading conditions in other products

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18

conglomerates

several different companies (that stay separate) that are grouped together under one big company

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19

examples of internal diseconomies of scale

lack of control and coordination, poorer working relationships, lower productive efficiency from outsourcing, bureaucracy, complacency

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20

types of external economies of scale

technological progress, improved transportation networks, abundance of skilled labor, regional specialization

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21

technological progress

  • external economy

  • tech innovations increase productivity within industry w significant cost savings

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22

improved transportation networks

  • external economy

  • global transportation networks enable firms to import raw materials / finished goods manufactured at low costs

  • increased convenience from improved logistical networks allows faster delivery at lower costs

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23

abundance of skilled labor

  • external economy

  • certain locations benefit from reputable education

  • local business benefit by having suitable pool of educated / trained labor

  • reduces cost of recruitment / training

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24

regional specialization

  • external economy

  • certain locations / countries have reputation for specializing in specific goods + services

  • benefit from access to special labor, sub-contractors, + suppliers

  • charge premium price for their products

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25

examples of external diseconomies of scale

higher rents, local market conditions for pay + financial rewards, traffic congestion, context specific problems

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26

internal growth

when business grows using itself to increase scale of its ops and sales revenue

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27

external growth

through dealing w outside organizations + comes in form of alliances + m&a

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methods of internal growth

changing prices, effective promotions, product innovation, increased distribution, preferential credit for customers, capital expenditure, staff training + development, providing overall vale for money

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advantage of internal growth

  • better control and coordination

  • relatively inexpensive

  • maintains corporate culture

  • generally, less risky

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disadvantage of internal growth

  • diseconomies of scale

  • Restructuring of the form of ownership may be needed

  • May lead to dilution of control and ownership

  • Slower method of growth

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disadvantage of external growth

  • quicker than organic growth

  • synergies

  • reduced competition

  • economies of scale

  • spreading of risks

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disadvantage of external growth

  • more expensive than internal growth

  • greater risks

  • regulatory barriers

  • potential diseconomies of scale

  • organizational culture clash

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33

how can businesses be measured?

market share, total sales revenue, size of workforce, profit, capital employed

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34

generic benefits of being a large business

  • Economies of scale

  • Lower prices

  • Brand recognition

  • Brand reputation

  • Value-added services

  • Greater choice

  • Customer loyalty

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35

generic benefits of being a small business

  • Cost control

  • Loss of control

  • Financial risks

  • Government aid

  • Local monopoly power

  • Personalized services

  • Flexibility

  • Small market size

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36

optimal size of a business depends onā€¦

internal structure, costs, aims + objectives

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37

mergers

takes place when two firms agree to form a new company with its own legal identity

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38

acquisitions

occurs when a company buys a controlling interest in another firm with the permission and agreement of its board of directors

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benefits of M&As

  • Greater market share

  • Economies of scale

  • Synergy ā€¢ Survival

  • Diversification

  • Gain entry into new markets

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40

drawbacks of M&As

  • Redundancies

  • Conflict

  • Culture clash

  • Loss of control

  • Diseconomies of scale

  • Regulatory problems

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external growth methods

horizontal, vertical, lateral, conglomerate

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42

horizontal growth

same industry (banks)

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vertical growth

businesses at a different stage of production (coffee manufacturer merges with a coffee beans supplier)

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lateral growth

similar operations but donā€™t directly compete (Pepsi and Quaker Oats)

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45

conglomerate growth

completely different market (Berkshire Hathaway)

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success of M&As depend onā€¦

  • the level of planning

  • aptitudes of the senior leaders

  • regulatory (government) issues

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47

takeovers

occurs when a company purchases a controlling stake in another company without the permission and agreement of the company or board of directors

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48

takeovers are also calledā€¦

hostile takeovers

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49

joint ventures

occurs when two or more businesses split the costs, risks, control and rewards of a business project and the parties agree to set up a new legal entity

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50

strategic alliances

occurs when two or more businesses cooperate in a business venture for mutual benefit

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51

The firms in the strategic alliancesā€¦

share the costs of product development, marketing, and operations but remain independent organizations

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52

4 stages of strategic alliances

  • Feasibility study

  • Partnership assessment

  • Contract negotiation

  • Implementation

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main purposes of strategic alliances

  • Gain synergies from the strength of members of the alliance

  • Economies of scale

  • Customers may benefit from the added value of convenience of access/wider distribution channels

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benefits of joint ventures and strategic alliances

  • Synergy

  • Spreading costs and risks

  • Entry to new/foreign markets

  • Relatively cheap

  • Competitive advantages

  • Exploitation of local knowledge

  • Relatively high success rate

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55

drawbacks of joint ventures and strategic alliances

  • Rely heavily on goodwill and resources of their counterparts

  • Enormous expenditure on brand development

  • Possible culture clashes

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franchising

a form of business ownership whereby a person or business buys a license to trade using another firmā€™s name, logos, brands, and trademarks

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franchisor

the firm selling the license

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franchisee

the entrepreneur buying the license

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royalty payment

percentage of sales (like a commission)

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60

benefits of franchising for franchisors

  • Cheaper and faster than internal growth

  • Enter new local and international markets

  • Growth without incurring day-to-day running costs

  • Income from royalty payments

  • Franchisees are more motivated than salaried managers

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benefits of franchising for franchisees

  • Relatively low risk

  • Relatively lower start-up costs

  • Training and advice on financial management

  • Large scale advertising performed by franchisor

  • Greater likelihood of success due to local market insights

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62

drawbacks of franchising for franchisors

  • Risk damage to brand name if franchisees are unsuccessful

  • Monitoring quality standards or franchisees can be difficult

  • Slower growth method than M&As

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63

drawbacks of franchising for franchisees

  • Stifled creativity due to many franchisor rules and requirements

  • Can be very expensive to buy a franchise with no guarantee of a return on investment

  • Significant percentage of revenues paid to franchisor

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