Cell Life (work and reproduction)

What are the instructions for DNA?

\- genes and regulatory sequences

\- controls what and how often DNA is copies

What are the instructions for genes?

\- code for one polypeptide

\- must be copied into mRNA for use

What is transcription?

\- first step in making protein

\- happens in the nucleus

\- copies DNA into RNA

What is translation?

\- rewriting mRNA in the language of protein

\- happens in the cytoplasm

\- ribosomes must bind the mRNA

\- every three mRNA bases code for one amino acid

\- DNA to RNA to protein

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

interphase and cell division

What is interphase?

cell growth and normal function

What is cell division?

mitotic phase and cytokinesis (when the cell divides into two)

What are the interphase parts?

G1, S, G2

What is G1?

\- growth and metabolism

\- checkpoint

What are cells that don’t divide considered?

G0

What is S (synthetic) phase?

\- DNA replication

\- use original DNA to create 2 identical copies

\- requires a lot of proteins

What is G2?

\- preperation for division

\- checkpoint: cell size and DNA damage

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What are the mitosis stages in order?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

What is cytokensis?

\- two daughter cells are pinched apart

What things take part in controlling cell division?

go signals, stop signals, and loss of controls

What is the purpose of go signals?

enough nutrients and growth factors

What is the purpose of stop signals?

lack of space (contact inhibition) and loss of connection (anchorage control)

What is the purpose of loss of controls?

\- benign tumor: lose ONLY contact inhibition cells multiply but are contained

\- malignant tumors: lose BOTH controls, cells multiply and can spread (metastasis), also known as cancer

What controls do benign tumors lose?

only contact inhibition

What controls do malignant tumors lose?

both contact inhibition and anchorage control