Motives for exploration AP World History P2

Motives for exploration

1) European demand for luxury goods

2) New crops

3) Pax Mongolia crumbles

4) Reformation

European demand for luxury goods

silk road/ indian ocean connects them

goods come thru ottoman empire —> raise prices —> come thru italy —> raise prices (expensive)

Ottoman empire/italy wealthy

Europeans want to get to asia to avoid $

New crops

Europe good at growing crops

sugarcane new —> conquer areas to grow it instead of thru middleman

Pax mongolia crumbles

silk road less safe, supply drops, prices increase

Reformation

catholics vs protestants seeking converts + strength in numbers

Technological innovations

From Indian ocean, east asia, via muslim world

europe adopted maritime trade from islam:

Sternmounted rudder

caravel sail

compass (China) + astrolabe

Volto do Mar (discovery - understand currents - push to south africa faster)

Portuguese motives

go get asian goods, wealth, catholic converts

Portuguese methods to get motives

cant go over land (fight italy + ottoman), cant go north - cold, cant go west - ocean, CAN GO SOUTH

piecemeal

piecemeal

go a little south to africa, come back, draw map, go back more, come back, draw more (multiple years)

Prince Henry the navigator - motivating factor to make Portugal powerful + get direct route to China

opens schools for mapmaking + tech to make fleets

State sponsored exploration!!!!

Azores/canary islands

sugarcane plantations (hard to grow - slaves from west africa grow)

early transatlantic slave trade

West african middlemen

benefits from slave trade

transATLANTIC more important than transSAHARAN (maritime trade > land trade)

Songhai empire falls bc land based

examle of change!!!!

Port based empire

portuguese go down africa - conquer port cities

gunpowder weapons to control the cities + tax otjer europeans that trade there

obtain: west africa, swahili, city-states, omani, goa

can’t conquer ALL but can conquer ports

Spanish motivation

national rivalry vs portugal

spain in civil war - catholics vs muslims

reconquista - reconquer spain

spanish methods

Ferdinand + Isabella want to copy portuguese

choose to go west to not enter muslim land

no one knows size of ocean/land

Christopher columbus

1492

Italian - italy doesnt sponsor exploration, so come to Spain instead

wind wheels to get across atlantic

thinks he will hit asian spice islands, but hits gulf islands/carribbean (same latitude + culture)

called mexico “west indies”

takes slaves back to spain (4 voyages)

gold + silver

spanish type of empire

LAND based empire bc not connected to rest of trade world routes

conquest in south america + philippines

manila trade center

galleons - transport gold + silver

spain can travel any direction

Ferdinand magellan

Spain

goal: circumnavigate globe

goes around to bottom of South America (dies there, his team continues), conquer philippines

galleons

spanish trading ships

dutch government

war to free from spanish control - late 1500s

rebelled from catholic king - dont want religious gov —> republic + no king —> no state funding

dutch protestant

Joint stock companies (Dutch East India Company /VOC)

dutch exploration

indirect control in east Indies Spice islands

small population - want control of spices, labor, fear

can’t trade w/ others otherwise death —> trade w/ indonesia + dutch

port based empire