Unit 3: Hip and Knee Joints + Ligaments

Hip Joint Type

Ball and Socket Joint (Synovial)

Hip Joint Characteristics

1. Stable - nearly the entire head of the femur is within the acetabulum

2. Weight bearing

3. Less mobile

Hip Joint is between

1. head of femur

2. acetabulum of os coxae

Hip Joint Movements

1. Flexion/Extension

2. Abduction/Adduction

3. Internal/External Rotation

4. Circumduction

What ligament supports head of femur?

Ligament of the head of the femur

Synovial Membrane attaches to : (3 things)

1. Femur

2. Acetabulum

3. Covers neck of the femur

Stabilizing Ligaments of the Hip Joint (3)

1. Iliofemoral Ligament

2. Pubofemoral Ligament

3. Ischiofemoral Ligament

What do the hip joint ligaments do when extended?

Become taut/tightened

Iliofemoral Ligament

Anterior to Hip Joint

Iliofemoral Ligament connects

Ilium between anterior inferior iliac spine and margin and base of acetabulum TO the intertrochanteric line of the femur

Pubofemoral Ligament

anterioinferior to hip joint

Pubofemoral Ligament connects

from iliopubic eminence + obturator membrane TO the fibrous joint capsule and the iliofemoral ligament

Ischiofemoral Ligament

posterior to hip joint

Ischiofemoral Ligament connects

from ischium (the posterioinferior part up until the acetabulum) TO the greater trochanter of the femur

Pelvic Girdle Joints (2)

1. Sacroiliac Joint

2. Pubic Symphysis

Sacroiliac Joint

Between sacrum and ilium of os coxae

Stabilizing Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle - Sacroiliac Joint

1. Anterior Sacroiliac Ligament

2. Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament

Stabilizing Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle - Pubic Symphysis

1. Superior Pubic Ligament

2. Inferior Pubic Ligament

Stabilizing Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle - Pelvic Wall

1. Sacrospinous Ligament

2. Sacrotuberous Ligament

Sacrospinous Ligament connects

from ischial spine TO the sacrum and coccyx

Sacrotuberous Ligament connects

from posterior superior iliac spine TO the coccyx and ischial tuberosity

How do structures get from abdomen + pelvis to the lower limb?

1. Obturator Canal

2. Greater Sciatic Foramen

3. Lesser Sciatic Foramen

4. Below Inguinal Ligament

Obturator Canal connects

abdominopelvic region and medial compartment of the thigh

Greater Sciatic Foramen formed by:

1. Greater sciatic notch

2. Sacrospinous ligament

3. Sacrotuberous ligament

4. Lateral border of the sacrum

Lesser Sciatic Foramen formed by

Lesser sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament

What passes through the Lesser Sciatic Foramen?

Tendon of Obturator Internus

Inguinal Ligament is formed by:

anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

Knee Joint is the Articulation Between (2 separate)

1. Femur and Tibia

2. Patella and Femur

What knee articulation = weight bearing?

Femur + Tibia

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

Hinge joint (flexion and extension)

Ligaments that reinforce the knee

Collateral Ligaments

2 Types of Collateral Ligaments

1. Tibial Collateral Ligament

2. Fibular Collateral Ligament

Cruciate Ligaments (2):

1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

2. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

What do cruciate ligaments connect?

femur and tibia

When femoral condylar surfaces that articulate with tibia = flexed, what shape are they?

Curved/rounded

When femoral condylar surfaces that articulate with tibia = extended, what shape are they?

Flat

Menisci is made of

fibrocartilage

Shape of menisci

C-shaped

2 types of menisci

1. Medial Meniscus

2. Lateral Meniscus

Where do the menisci attach?

Intercondylar Eminence of the Tibia

Which meniscus is attached to joint capsule?

Medial = married

Which meniscus is more mobile?

Lateral = loose, not attached to the joint capsule

Where is medial meniscus located?

Between medial femoral and medial tibial condyles

Where is lateral meniscus located?

Between lateral femoral and lateral tibial condyles

What connects the medial and lateral menisci?

Transverse ligament of the knee

Function of the menisci

Help improve the fit between femoral and tibial condyles during movement

Cruciate ligaments are on (outside/inside) of synovial membrane

outside

What separates synovial membrane from patellar ligament?

Infrapatellar fat pad

4 Bursa of the Knee

1. Suprapatellar

2. Subcutaneous pre patellar

3. Deep infra patellar

4. Subcutaneous Infrapatellar

ACL function

Prevents anterior displacement of tibia relative to femur

PCL function

prevents posterior displacement of tibia relative to femur

Classic ACL vs. PCL injury

ACL - pivot/twist with planted foot

PCL - blow to anterior tibia/dashboard injury

what forms the roof of the ankle joint?

tibia

what forms the medial side of the ankle joint?

medial malleolus

what forms the lateral side of the ankle joint?

the lateral malleolus

what is at the bottom of the ankle joint? where does it connect?

talus bone

stabilizing ligaments of the ankle

1. Medial (Deltoid) Ligaments

2. Lateral Ligaments

Medial (Deltoid Ligaments): (4 Parts)

4 parts:

1. Tibionavicular Part - Medial Malleolus of Tibia to Navicular

2. Tibiocalcaneal - Medial Malleolus of Tibia to Calcaneus

3. Posterior Tibiotalar Part - Posterior portion of Medial Malleolus of Tibia to Posterior Portion of Talus

4. Anterior Tibiotalar part - Anterior portion of Medial Malleolus of Tibia toAnterior Portion of Talus

Lateral Ligaments (3 Parts)

1. Anterior Talofibular Ligament - Anterior margin of lateral malleolus of fibula to the Talus

2. Posterior Talofibular Ligament - Medial side of lateral malleolus to posterior portion of Talus

3. Calcaneofibular Ligament - Lateral malleolus to the Calcaneus

Intertarsal Joints Function

Allow for:

- Inversion

- Eversion

-Supinating

-Pronating

Major Intertarsal Joints

1. Subtalar

2. Talocalcaneonavicular

3. Calcaneocuboid

Subtalar Joint

Between Talus and Calcaneus

- allows inversion/eversion of foot

stabilized by: lateral, medial, posterior talocalcaneal ligaments and interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Talocalcaneonavicular

Synovial joint between:

- Talus and Calcaneus

- Talus and Spring Ligament

- Talus and Navicular

Allows for:

- Inversion/Eversion

-Supination/Pronation

Widest range of motion of tarsometatarsal Joint:

Metatarsal of hallux + Medial Cuneiform

Metatarsophalangeal Joints are reinforced by (2 ligaments)

1. Collateral Ligaments

2. Plantar Ligaments

Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments

link heads of metatarsals together so they can act like a single unit

Fibular Retinacula

Binds tendons of Fibularis Brevis + Longus to lateral side of foot

Goes from Lateral Malleolus of Fibula to Calcaneus

Flexor Retinaculum

connective tissue above the Tom, Dick AN' Harry