2.4-2.9 Vocab

Immigrant

people who moved into the country

Emigrant

people who moved out of the country

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of live births per year for each 1000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

life expectancy

the average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1000 people in a given population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration

Population Doubling Time

refers to the amount of time takes for the population of a region to double

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Stage 1 DTM characteristics

• low population growth due to a high birth rate and a high death rate

• no education, religious belief's, high infant mortality, children needed to work

Stage 2 DTM characteristics

• stage of the most rapid growth

• high birth rate and rapidly declining death rate

• medical facilities are slowly improving

• Rural agricultural society

• less developed

Stage 3 DTM Characteristics

• birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall

• total population increase slows

• rapidly declining birth rates

• death rates still declining slightly

• increased access to contraception

• low infant mortality

Stage 4 DTM Characteristics

• low birth rates and death rates remain low so steady population

• people are educated, raising children is more expensive

• very developed country

Stage 5 DTM Characteristics

• lowering birth rates

• steady death rates

• birth rate<death rate

• aging population

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

This model is an extension of the demographic transition model and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies.

Thomas Malthus

concluded that population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the late 1700's

Malthusian Theory

the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Ester Boserup

emphasized the positive aspects of a large population

Boserup Theory

suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe that the population of the world is growing too quickly for the scale of agriculture to keep up (Malthusian theory)

antinatalist policies

These policies attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries.

One Child Policy

policy in China where families that had more than 1 child were penalized financially, and educational opportunities and housing privileges were withheld

gender preference

Chinese culture has long preferred male children over females, so the one-child policy contributed to an unbalanced gender ratio

pronatalist policies

programs designed to increase the fertility rate