AP BIO Unit 1 Biochemistry review

Why is water polar?

Oxygen is more electro negative meaning it has more pull on hydrogen which leads to oxygen being partial negative charge while hydrogen has partial positive charge. This is why it is polar

Adhesion and Cohesion

Adhesion: Connects with things other than water through polarity. Capillary Action

Cohesion: Connects with other water molecules

5 Water Properties

Surface Tension: Result of Increase hydrogen bonding forces between water molecules at surface, object on water has weaker hydrogen bonds than the hydrogen bonds of the water itself

Solvency: Able to break apart intramolecular bonds to break molecules

Different density: Different phases

High heat capacity: Lots of energy to break hydrogen bonds meaning it can absorb a lot before being broken

Subatomic Particles

Protons: Positively charged found in the nucleus

Neutrons: No charge found in nucleus

Electrons: Negatively charged found in the ring outside of the atom

What elements make up 4 Macromolecules

Carbohydrates: CHO

Lipids:CHO and sometimes CHOP if phospholipid

Amino Acids: CHON and sometimes sulfur when it goes into tertiary structure for disulfide bridges

Nucleic Acids: CHONP

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two monomers react with a hydrogen or a hydroxyl group and are combined to form water in order to covalently bond the two monomers together from leftover electrons in order to make polymer.

Hydrolysis

Add water in order to break polymers into monomers. Stick a hydroxyl onto a hydrogen and then it takes out the water forming two monomers.

Protein

A polymer formed from monomers called amino acids

What are amino acids made of

A carbon that is linked to an R group, carboxyl group, and an Amino group. R group can make the protein hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or many others.

Stages of Amino Acids

Primary Structure: Polypeptides formed during translation at ribosomes that transfers from rough ER. This is a chain of amino acids from n (amino group) terminus to c ( carboxyl group) terminus.

Secondary Structure: Can form alpha helix or beta sheeting through backbone hydrogen bonding.

Tertiary Structure: Has a 3D shape from secondary structure folding inward due to R group bonding interactions. Such as disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, and ionic bonding.

Quaternary Structure: Two or more separate amino acid chains interacting with each other

Substrate and Enzyme relationship

Substrates are an active site for the enzyme which tell it what to do. Such as splitting into monomers through hydrolisis.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds to other monosaccharides to form polysaccharides

Purpose of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Mono: Glucose and Di: Lactose and suctrose are used as fuel sources for the cell.

Purpose of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides like Cellulose is used for structural support.

Purpose of Starch and Glycogen

Used for long term storage in plants and animals. Starch is usually found in plants while glycogen is found in animals more. What makes them different is the linkages.

Lipids

Nonpolar due to hydrocarbon chains. It contains glycerol (alcohol) and long fatty acid chains.

Saturated Fatty Acid

Single bonded and very tight together making it very solid.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Atleast one double bond which makes the bonds loose making the substance more aqueous. Specifically there is a bend in the fatty acid chain.

Phospholipids

Amphipathic (have hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts). Two hydrophobic heads and a hydrophilic head. The head has a glycerol, a choline group, and a phosphate group.

Why are phospholipids used in cells

Intra and extra cellular membrane are aqueous, membranes are bilayered using the phospholipids with tails facing inwards. This allows certain cells to come through. It also regulates temperatures.

Steroids

4 fused carbon rings with an attached functional group which affects hormones or cholesterol.

What makes up a nucleotide

A pentose sugar (5 carbon ring), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base all covalently bonded together. Phosphate group is recognized as 5’ while the bottom left of the sugar is 3’.

Difference between DNA and RNA

Nucleotide is antiparallel for DNA while RNA is just a strand. DNA has an oxygen at 2’ of sugar while RNA has a hydroxl group at 2’.

What are the bonds called and where are they formed

Bonds are known as phosphodiester bonds when bonded together from the pentose sugar to the phosphate group.

Different types of nitrogenous bases

Purines: Double ringed nitrogenous bases

• Adenine

• Guanine

Pyrimidines

• Cytosine

• Thymine

• Uracil

Bonds:

Adenine - Thymine or Uracil with 2 hydrogen bonds

Cytosine - Guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds