C5 AP Bio

Unit 1

4 types of macromolecules

lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

except for lipids, macromolecules exist in 2 forms

monomers: simple units

polymers: long chains of monomers

how is movement between monomers and polymers facilitated?

dehydration synthesis (makes H₂O)

hydrolysis (H₂O is needed)

dehydration synthesis

how biological monomers combine

• each monomer has hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH)

• during rxn, hydrogen is removed from one monomer and hydroxyl from the other. they combine to make water and the bond links the two monomers

• water is released

hydrolysis

breaks polymers into monomers

• hydroxyl group and hydrogen are attached, linking the monomers

• water breaks them apart

what are carbohydrates commonly known as

sugars and starches

carbohydrate structure

C,H,O 1:2:1 ratio

carbohydrate monomer name

monosaccharides

what are polysaccharides + their function

chain of monosaccharides

energy and structural support

EX: starch, cellulose, glycogen

polysaccharides energy storage functions in plants

• function of amylose

amylose (starch) is the major energy storage in polysaccharides

• animals use glycogen for energy storage

polysaccharides structural support functions in plants

• function of cellulose

cellulose (carbohydrate) in plant wall to keep cells from bursting

what are lipids + their purpose + their elemental makeup

fats, oil, waxes

long term energy storage

C,H,O

what are lipids 3 major groups

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

2 types of lipid bondings

saturated- unhealthy, no kink

unsaturated- healthy, kink

what are phospholipids

amphipathic lipid molecules (hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions) made of a glycerol backbone, a polar phosphate head group (neg), and two nonpolar fatty acid tails (pos)

where are phospholipids found

mainly cell membrane (arranged as bi-layer)

what are steroids + their structure

many hormones are natural steroids (regulators)

cholesterol is a steroid

different functional groups attatched + fused ring structure

what are triglycerides

most common fat found in the body

—> leads to atherosclerosis

proteins functions, chemical makeup, monomer + polymer names

most complex molecule- controls all living things and gives ability to live

C,H,O,N,S

monomer = amino acid, polymer = protein

amino acids are joined by peptide bonds

what changes the function of amino acids

type of carboxyl/functional group attached + order

how many different amino acids

21

what do all amino acids contain, and how are they bonded?

carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen atom, functional group