booklet 1 combined

Fertility rates trends over time

• decreased overall

• Abortion Act 1968

• Post war spike

• 1.62 kids per woman 2021

• Increased 1.9% from 2020

• Increased occurred in a regions apart from Londoners and the West Midlands

• East England highest post-Covid 1.76 births per 1000 2023

• Leeds - 1.32 births per 1000 2023

• Bradford - 1.82 births per 1000

• Bradford has high levels of poverty and a large young immigrant population

Internal immigration effects on population structure

to Leeds from small towns and cities (hull, York, middlesborough, Bradford)

• 11,400 from Leeds to London

• 16-21 net inflow of 50,000 (students)

• 22-25 net outflow of 30,000 (post graduate)

International immigration effects on population structure

• London and SE have the most amount of international immigrants around 35%

• London has 14% of UKs population + 35% of that are non UK born

• From India , Poland, Pakistan, Romania (order of amount)

• Due to expansion of EU and post colonial migration

Main reasons for migration

• eu born - employment

• Non eu born - family

• Asylum seekers

how does the changing mix of ethnic groups effect characteristics of places?

immigrant enclaves have natural increase higher than native areas

how does the media effect characteristics of places?

• globalisation + social media promote an international and homogeneous culture and lifestyle

• Deep rooted in ‘western culture’

• Emphasis on consumerism and consumption

• Effects urban areas to become more urban

how does assimilation effect characteristics of places?

• immigrants over several generations slowly lose their culture

• However some parts of core culture will be replaced by immigrant culture

What is social clustering like in Southwark, London?

• certain wards have higher-than-expected levels of concentrations of ethnic minorities

• Riverside bought by wealthy European migrants

• Wealthier white British people live in Southern wards

• Lower income ethnic groups live in areas with council housing

• 10% of its residents change each year

• Diversity changing rapidly

• High fertility rates due to immigration population

How has government planning effected cultural diversity?

• end of WW2 and British rule in India in 1947

• Labour shortages led to overseas job ads

• Empire windrush post 1948

• Most of these immigrants settled in London

How has government anccessibility effected cultural diversity?

• Pakistani people gained employment in textile mills in Lancashire

• Remote areas had less job opportunities so less ethnic diversity

• This created ethnic enclaves (concentrated areas of a particular ethnic group)

Facts about migration from labour shortages ?

• 1971 - 31% of doctors had qualified overseas

• NHS hired 18,000 commonwealth citizens

• Pakistani immigrants immigrated for low skill textile jobs

• Bradford, Oldham, Dewsbury have high levels of Pakistani immigrants

What was the 1948 Nationality Act?

• same citizenship status as those born in the UK

• Free movement

What was the the 1971 Immigration act and why was it implemented?

• ending the work permit scheme for commonwealth immigrants

• Pitting them back on the same legal footing as other foreign nationals

• Due to increasing negative attitudes towards immigration in the 1960s

What is ethnicity?

The cultural heritage shared by a group of people that sets them apart from others

What did the UK 2011 Census show?

• 86.0% white

• 7.5% Asian

• 80.5% white British

• 4.4% other white

How did the 2011 census differ from the 2001 census ?

• 1.4% less identify as white British

• Less other white

• % changed but proportion is the same

• Increased immigration

What is social clustering ?

• a form of segregation

• All places have economic segregation

• Ethnic segregation is a step beyond

Anglesey vs Southwark - what are the ethnic differences?

Anglesey - rural wales

• 98% white

• 96% white British

Southwark- central London

• 54% white

• 26% Black

• 9.5% Asian

Why is there ethnic differences between Southwark and Anglesey?

• Anglesey is rural Wales so poor accessibility

• More expensive property is not accessible for a lot of migrants

• Southwark is near central London

• Accessible for workers

• Social clustering

what is the ethnic diversity like in Leeds?

• on average with UK for most

• Less non-uk nationals

• Higher Irish population due to famine

• Lower black but higher mixed population

• Higher Pakistani population than average

  • more central

  • WW2 post war migration

  • Allyship

  • Cheap, industrial areas

what is the ethnic diversity like in Harehills & Gipton?

• higher other white population

• 59.1% ethnic minorities

• Pakistani make up 20% of the population

• Higher Irish population than Leeds

what is the ethnic diversity like in Wetherby?

• half the amount of non white than Leeds avg

• Significantly less ethnic minorities

• None more than 0.5%

What is the rural-urban continuum?

The gradual transition between urban and rural areas

Fewer services the more rural the area

Sequence of areas

CBD - secondary city - town - villages - rural

Population trends

• low density in CBD (central business district)due to commercial activity and public buildings dominate

• Surrounding CBD is highest densities. Old industrial areas with terraced housing. Some replaced with high rise buildings

• Interwar period had low density buildings

• Large amounts of council estates on the urban fringe but cliff due to green belt policies

What is conurbation?

The merging of two or more sizeable cities whose peripheral zones have grown into each other

What is an overspill town?

A town built/repurposed/expanded to accommodate access population from a city

Physical factors that effect population structure

• areas of isolation = lower population densities and population decline

• Isolated areas are poorly connected to areas of employment and services

• Weather provides challenged e.g. winter causing power failures and become cut off from services (Scottish highlands)

How historical development caused differences in population structure

• cities have expanded

• Land use directly effects population density

• Inner city has high density due to Industrial Revolution

• Suburban has more space

Role of planning on population structure

• green belts 1947 to prevent urban sprawl

• Local and national government play a role

• They decide on planning permission , housing and infrastructure

• Regeneration projects

• Creating enterprise zones to attract businesses

Population characteristics of wetherby, Leeds and harehills + gipton

Wetherby population characteristics

Aged 0-15 is 17% of pop

16-64 is 55%

65+ is 28% due to retirement, migration and less noise and air pollution

Life expectancy 86.4 F and 82.9 M

Leeds population characteristics

0-15 is 18%

16-64 is 66% large student population that stay post graduation

65+ is 16%

Life expectancy 81.7 F and 78.5M

Characteristics of Newham

population density - 8672

Avg age - 31

Largest age group - 28-31

Fertility rate per 1000 - 76.6

Internal migration- high uni intake , graduates take up jobs in knowledge economy in London

International migration- high natural increase, highest fertility rate in the UK

Accessibility- close to centre of London , excellent infrastructure, London over ground + tube

Physical factors - Thames is a physical barrier, flat land

Challenges for planners - regeneration of dock lands, regeneration has made housing available

Characteristics around the UK

Characteristics in Leeds

Role of planning in Harehills

• regeneration in the children’s centre

• Job shop

• Harehills Improvement Plan

What is place ?

• Location and meaning to people

• Dynamic

• Resisted by different groups

• Creates insiders and outsiders

• People shape place

What is physical landscape?

• geology

• Relief

• Soil

• Rivers

• Vegetation

• Estuaries

• Coast

What is human landscape?

• people

• Culture

• Diversity

• Buildings

• Infrastructure

• Roads

• Railway

What is economic landscape ?

• present and past economic characteristics

• Often reflected in tradition and buildings

Internal and external connects and media shape place

Internal - services , housing, employment

External - government, globalisation

Media- newspapers, social media

What is population

The number of people living in a certain area. The government measures population through a census and local surveys .

What is population density

The number of people per km² of a given area

What is population structure

The composition of the population of a particular country, region or area. Could be age, gender, ethnicity etc.

Uk population

• 69 million in 2024

• 84% of England is lived on as it is low lying

• 10 million increase in 50 years

1960s population

• after ww2 there was a ‘baby boom’

• Population growth rate of 0.61%

• Strong economy growth = more children

• Windrush generation migrating for work

1970-80s population

• growth slowed to 0.14%

• Recession = deindustrialisation and high unemployment

• Fertility rates decreased

• Women employed

• Fewer jobs to employ migrants

1990s population

• social (role of women) and economic adjustment

• Increased birth rate due to baby boomers having late children

2010 population

• population growth increased to 0.71%

• Recession started 2008 (- GDP)

• Waged stagnated/decreased

• Large immigration (more than natural increase)

• 17% more than natural increase

Population in London and the SE

• 29.5% population growth 1981-2020

• Growth in knowledge, finance and service industry attracts immigrants

• Tertiary education attracts internal + external migration that stay post graduation

• High skilled jobs available

North East England

• 1.7% increase 1981-2020

• High levels of deindustrialisation

• Coal, steel, ship building industries collapses

• Companies shifting to other countries

• High unemployment as a result

• Fewer economic opportunities so younger population move south