POLI SCI 2000

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50 Terms

1

methodology

  • the system by which we forumulate conclusions about relationshios between diffrent varibles

  • based on observaitions and experimentation

    • eg: why do countries develop and not others

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2

independant varaible

variable that is manipulated to test its effects on another variable

eg: tine spent sleeping

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3

mechanism

scientific explanation in poli sci for relationship between varaibles

eg: more time spent sleeping boosts immune system

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4

dependant variable

varible that is affected by other factors

eg: time it takes to recover from illness

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5

cases

  • used to establish relationships often are countries

  • more cases show robust information

  • sample size

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6

quantatitive method

  • involve numbers, mathemathical/statistical methods

    • large N analysis using many cases

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7

qualitative methods

  • do not involve manipulation of numbers

  • historical anlysis, intervies, archival research

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8

correlation vs causation

  • correlation does NOT equal causation

    • eg: altough wealthier countries seem more democratic, wealth itself does not EQUAL democracy

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9

Lipsid reading

  • problem of many variables, small #of cases

    *add

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10

experimental method

  • expose 1 group to stimulant

  • results are attributed to stimulant

    • eg: placebo or non- placebo

    • cons: ethical problems not practical in polisci

  • eg: natrual experiments north korea/south= prove communism leads to economic failure

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11

natural expirment

  • eg: North Korea vs South Korea what makes these states different

  • hard to do due to ethical concerns

    • eg: can study various provinces evolution when isolated

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12

statistical method

  • use many case studies and attempt to reach conclusions using stat analysis

  • pro: find a relationsip between a large variety of cases

  • cons: lack of depth, correlation not causation

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13

comparative method -n

  • small/medium numbers of case studies (N)

  • evidence is not as conclusive

  • can understand mechanisms at play

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14

most similar system design

  • method of comparing similar cases that may differ in one or more key areas to find the effects of political variables

    • eg: twins that had same genes, family, upbringing except public vs private school

  • picking countries from a study that are most similar to compare differing factors

    • South Korea VS North: Similarities ethnic, cultiural geographical, historicall union until 1945. Diffrences in political system totalitarian regime

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15

most diffrent system design

  • comparing cases that are very diffrent but share same outcome

  • helps identify common factors equal same political outcomes despite carying context, strucutre or culture

  • used to strengthen a claim and test a theory

    • eg sweden (democratic welfare) and singpaore (semi-auth with limited politcal opposition). bouth countries vary culturally but have exbit high level of economic devlopment and quality of life

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16

historical instituionalism

  • emphasizes the importance of historical context in political institutions and their development

    • evolution of institutions over time and their infleunce on political behavoir

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17

path dependance

  • idea that once a country takes an institutionalism route it is very difficult to get off that path

  • becomes self-reinforcing and tends to persist

    • in countries like Sweden, comprehensive welfare systems developed early on due to labor movements and social democratic parties

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18

deep historical analysis

  • nature of Spanish colonized vs British; trace institutional policies led to different paths led to present day

    • advantages: future improvement based on past, root causes of topic/issues

    • disadvantages: long process with alot of work, limited information from the past

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19

critical juncture

  • moment in history when countries make a critical deacon, altering the trajectory of institutional developments

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20

examples of critical junctures

  • Revolutions, regime changes, major economic crises, 911, Great Leap Forward, CCP abandoning communism, Abolishment of Slavery

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21

Controlling for variable

can split into subgroups to ensure there are no other variables that could cause outcomes

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22

Deviant case

  •  outliers, something as far away from the mean as possible.

    • value of study = can refine your hypothesis ( debunk it so you can come to a better reason)

    • more insight into other facots than eg economic devlopment

    • more insight to hyptohesis

  • eg: very wealthy auth states

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23

State

 community that successfully claims the monopoly of the use of force within a given territory

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24

How do states monopolize power/force

  • military

  • police

  • justice sytem

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25

services of states

  • tax agencies

  • education

  • health care

  • ministries (labor, etc0

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26

failed state

  • the state has no control over its territory

    • Ex. Somalia is a failed state as the government only controls some parts of its territory 

  • weak governments results in crisis (AIDS in Africa)

    • Implementation of pre-exisiting resouces is proven by nation

    • leads to humanitarian disasters domestiaclly and internationally

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27

Francis Fukuyama “The Imperatives of State-Building.”

  • building up the state

  • west proposes economic+ liberal freedom sought out worldwide

  • fall of communism, Berlin Wall, Soviet Union: counter trend- Thatcherism + Reaganism

  • reducing the size of state dominant in 80s, 90s

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28

State strength

ability to plan and execute policies and enforce such laws

  • can the state stop terrorists from buying illegal weapons and deal with crimes

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29

washington consenus

  • reducing state intervention in economic activities after “Washington Consensus

    • anti- globalization protestors

    • liberizaing economic reform to aid devloping nations

    • nation state must have proper institojalized framework to implement liberal economic reform

    • failed to consider lacking institutions in developing countries

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30

state size (scope)

  • different roles and functions taken on by government

  • distribution of resources, range of functions, domestic and foreign security, safety nets

    • eg USA scope is weak: seperation of powers, fragmented health care, weak welfare, educational inequality

    • Scandinavian country strong:

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31

Institutions

 a set of rules and procedures that constrain and enable human behaviour. Both informal and formal

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32

Formal institutions

 legal documents say they exist, (the law says they exist) 

  • Ex. justice system is formal, Charter of Rights and Freedoms, religious institutions 

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33

Informal institutions:

 nothing written down legally, but people still have behaviour controlled by it 

  • Ex. Family has expectations and roles but not written down, gangs, tipping in restaurants 

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34

Anarchy state:

no state at all, they do not exist as anything but a failed state 


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35

Neoliberalism state

  • minimal state intervention in economic matters, no tariffs and free market.

  • Only police and basic infastructre

  • Milton Freedman is the father of this.

    • Markets are better at allocating resource more efficiently

    • People have individual responsibility

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36

Chigaco Boys

were a group of economists that helped South American leaders become neoliberal 

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37

Chile Augusto Pinochet

  • Came to power in coup

  • Help from Chigaco Boys who let him study under Milton Friedman

  • Removed protects it tariffs, subsidies, deindustrialised economy 

  • No price controls or welfare cut

  • Fastest growing economy in South America 

  • Lots of factories failed 

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38

Developmental state

  • uses tariffs and subsides to support industryes (South Korea Park Chung Hee)

  • There are scenarios where the market does not actually efficiently allocate resources

  • Market will not create long term prosperity

  • Can be helpful for countries trying to build a industry from scratch by making subsidies and tariffs (Protectionism)

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39

Park Chung-Hee:

  • Nationalism used to promote growth 

  • Managed to create export economy 

  • State and private businesses were close, threw CEOS into jails and then released them when they said they would obey him 

  • Inefficient companies not subsidised 

  • Wages low and hours long and nationalised banks (so he could take money) 


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40

Tariffs

 tax on imports 

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41

Subsidies

money given to business to help grow

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42

Democracy

 system of government where the government represents will of the citizens 

  • Free and fair elections

  • Reasonable playing field between incumbents and opposition 

  • Leaders have actual power 


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43

Tyranny of the majority

the majority takes away a minority group's rights and oppresses them

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44

Republican democracy

elected officials, competing branches of government, and protection for minority rights due to the constitution 

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Direct democracy:

uses initiatives where people sign up saying they favour a bill or law to be passed, does not always protect minority rights

pros:

  • Effective if there  is a corrupt legislature 

  • Can circumvent political polarisation

Cons

  • Initiatives often were incomprehensible

  • Oppression of minority (tyranny of majority) 

  • Can cause budget issues (no one wants to be taxed) 

  • Easier to get signatures if you have money but not without money 

  • Lobbyist can still pass laws 

Example:

  • Ex. California gave more rights to fowl and how their coops should be kept but took away the right to gay marriage 

  • Ex. California had incentives due to corruption in the old election system 


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