maggie canada

What were the major causes of conflict among Indigenous peoples before European contact?

Personal prestige, economic gain, political/territorial gain, and 'Morning Wars'.

What were 'Morning Wars'?

Conflicts where captured people were taken to replace lost loved ones, with revenge lasting decades.

What was the significance of the first contact between Indigenous peoples and Vikings around 1000 CE?

The Vikings landed in Newfoundland, initially trading with Indigenous peoples before trade broke down.

What is the Doctrine of Discovery?

A legal and religious concept justifying Christian colonial conquest and claiming European superiority.

What did Jacques Cartier name the land he claimed for France in 1534?

He called it 'New France'.

What was the purpose of Jacques Cartier kidnapping two sons of a Haudenosaunee chief?

To use them as guides.

What is one of the key legacies of Jacques Cartier’s voyages?

He established contact for the fur trade.

What year did Samuel de Champlain attempt to establish a colony at Port Royal?

1605.

Which Indigenous peoples were at war over St. Lawrence trade routes during Champlain's time?

The Haudenosaunee and the Wendat.

What military role did Champlain play in his fight with the Haudenosaunee?

He used an arquebus to kill three Haudenosaunee chiefs.

What was the population ratio of British to French in North America in the 1600s?

16:1 or 18:1.

What did Radisson and Groseilliers discover about fur trading with the Cree?

They discovered better fur (thicker pelts), funded by King Charles II.

What was a significant battle in the conflict between British and French forces in Canada?

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

What did King Louis XIV contribute to New France?

He sent soldiers and the Filles du Roi, shifting from imperialism to colonialism.

What did the Hudson’s Bay Company do in 1670?

King Charles II claimed the drainage basin as 'Rupert’s Land' and established trading posts.

What economic theory rose during the 16th to 18th centuries, emphasizing exports and trade?

Mercantilism.

What were the main causes of the Seven Years’ War?

European rivalries, strategic locations, and competition for land/resources.

What did Britain gain from the Treaty of Paris in 1763?

French territory in North America plus Florida from Spain.

What allowed French Canadians to retain their identity under British rule?

They were allowed to keep their language, Roman Catholic religion, and civil laws.

What frustrations did Indigenous peoples face after 1763 with British rule?

End of gift-giving, strict trade restrictions, and expansion of British settlements.

Who was Pontiac, and what was his influence?

An Odawa war chief who united diverse Indigenous nations against British rule.

What promises did Pontiac make to gain support?

Return of French support, restoration of traditional lands, wealth from captured British forts.

What significant strategic advantage did Pontiac and his allies face during their rebellion?

They needed allies due to British numerical superiority and fortified positions.

What was the outcome of the Siege of Fort Detroit in May 1763?

Pontiac led hundreds of warriors but never captured the fort.

How did the British use biological warfare during Pontiac’s Rebellion?

They intentionally spread smallpox using blankets from a hospital.

What marked the end of Pontiac's Rebellion?

Pontiac met British officials, and a peace treaty was signed.

What lasting impact did Pontiac leave even after his influence faded?

He showed that Indigenous nations could be powerful political forces that Britain needed to negotiate with.

What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War?

The Treaty of Paris granted British control of New France and Acadia.

What was the significance of the Filles du Roi in New France?

They were sent to marry and start families, increasing the French population.

What were the British military events that led to their capture of Quebec?

They captured Louisbourg, Quebec at the Plains of Abraham, and Montreal.

What was one of the key criticisms of British colonial strategy after 1763?

Strict trade restrictions and expansion into Indigenous territories.

What was the role of Indigenous peoples in the French and Indian War?

They allied with the French against British forces.

How did Champlain's actions impact Indigenous relationships in New France?

His alliances altered power dynamics and influenced fur trade monopolies.

What did King Charles II’s funding lead to in terms of European colonial efforts in North America?

It resulted in the establishment of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

What did the British offer to french peoples to stabilize relations following the Treaty of Paris?

Protection of their language, religion, and civil laws.

What did Pontiac's Rebellion illustrate about Indigenous resistance?

It demonstrated organized, pan-Indigenous resistance to colonial power.

What did the British seek to control that increased tensions with Indigenous peoples post-1763?

Control over the fur trade and strategic lands.

What were the long-term effects of the Treaty of Paris on Indigenous alliances?

Indigenous peoples lost a crucial ally with the French and faced increased British dominance.

What did Champlain achieve in his military alliance with the Wendat?

He secured exclusive fur trade rights for the French.

What was the initial response of Indigenous peoples to British trade practices after 1763?

Frustration over strict trade restrictions and loss of traditional relations.

What characterized the British occupation of former French forts post-1763?

Those forts became symbols of control rather than diplomacy.

What triggered the dissatisfaction of Indigenous peoples with the British Crown following the Seven Years' War?

The end of gifts which were fundamentals of Indigenous-European relations.

What was one of Pontiac's strategies for gathering support among various Indigenous nations?

He held councils to explain the dangers of British rule and promised coordinated attacks.

What did the term 'Rupert’s Land' refer to?

The area claimed by King Charles II that included the drainage basin of Hudson Bay.

What did the Hudson’s Bay Company exemplify in terms of British colonial economic practices?

Mercantilism emphasizing trade and resource extraction.

What conditions did the British create that led to Pontiac's Rebellion?

The dissatisfaction and frustration of Indigenous peoples over British control and interference.

What was one of the desires that Pontiac had for the future of Indigenous nations?

Restoration of traditional lands and power.

What was one of the notable military outcomes of Pontiac's Rebellion?

The heavy defeat at the Battle of Bushy Run marked a turning point for the British.

What was a key outcome of Pontiac’s discussions with British officials?

The signing of a peace treaty that formalized the end of hostilities.

What were Britain's key advantages over the Indigenous forces during Pontiac’s Rebellion?

Numerical superiority and fortified positions.

What did Champlain use to establish French dominance in fur trade?

His military alliance and use of gunpowder weapons.

What characterized the settlement efforts in New France during the early 1600s?

Rapid establishment of settlements and alliances with Indigenous peoples.

What did the term 'Filles du Roi' mean in the context of New France?

'King's Daughters', women sent to marry settlers and grow the population.

What was a significant cultural impact of British control over French Canadians post-1763?

They were allowed to maintain their language and Catholic faith.

What overall strategic aim underpinned the British actions leading to the Seven Years’ War?

To secure territorial and trade dominance over the French.

What did the British decisively gain control of after the Seven Years' War?

North American territories, previously French.