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Activism
Vigorous campaigning by figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks to bring about social change, such as ending segregation.
Aggregate
The mass or group of diverse populations that came together to form the rapidly growing U.S. population during the 19th century.
Agrarian
The focus on agriculture and farmers' way of life, as envisioned by Thomas Jefferson.
Arable
The type of land, fit for growing crops, offered to settlers by the Homestead Act of 1862 to encourage westward expansion.
Assimilation
The government policy of forcing Native American children into boarding schools to absorb them into Euro-American culture.
Bipartisan
Cooperation across party lines, as seen in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Burgeoning
The rapid growth and expansion of the U.S. industrial economy during the late 19th century.
Chattel
The dehumanizing practice of treating enslaved Africans in the American South as property, bought and sold with no legal rights.
Coalesced
The process of the thirteen colonies uniting to form a single front against British rule during the American Revolution.
Coup d'état
A sudden, decisive political action to overthrow a government, such as U.S.-backed interventions in Latin America during the Cold War.
De-humanizing
The treatment of enslaved people as property and the use of racial slurs that strips individuals of their dignity.
Demographic
The population changes caused by the Great Migration, which shifted the statistical characteristics of the U.S. population.
Dissemination
The act of spreading information widely, as seen with abolitionist literature like The Liberator.
Evangelism
The religious zeal exhibited during the Second Great Awakening by preachers traveling to convert individuals and inspire social reform.
Folk art
Quilts made by enslaved African Americans that reflect cultural heritage and community life.
Gerry-mandering
The practice of redrawing electoral districts to give one political party an unfair advantage, as seen in Massachusetts in 1812.
Grassroots
A type of movement that starts at the community level, exemplified by the Civil Rights Movement driven by local organizations like the SNCC.
Homogenous
The idea of a uniform American culture challenged during the Gilded Age by the arrival of millions of immigrants.
Humanitarian
Efforts to promote human welfare, as exemplified by Jane Addams founding Hull House to aid immigrants and the poor.
Ideology
The competing systems of ideas and ideals represented by capitalism and communism during the Cold War.
Imperialism
The U.S. acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.
Insurrection
A type of violent rebellion, exemplified by the Whiskey Rebellion, which was an uprising by farmers against a federal tax.
Lobbying
The practice by corporations like Standard Oil to influence lawmakers to secure favorable policies during the Gilded Age.
Martial Law
The temporary imposition of military authority in parts of the South after the Civil War to enforce federal policies.
Monopoly
The exclusive control of entire industries, as seen with companies like Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil in the late 19th century.
Oligarchy
The Southern plantation system was controlled by a small elite of wealthy landowners.
Precedent
The Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison established judicial review.
Profiteering
During World War I, some businesses charged excessively high prices for essential goods.
Ratification
The U.S. Constitution required approval by nine of the thirteen states.
Secession
In 1860-1861, eleven Southern states withdrew from the Union, forming the Confederacy.
Socio-economic
The Great Depression caused widespread hardship, affecting unemployment, poverty, and homelessness.
Stimulus
The New Deal programs of the 1930s aimed to revive the economy by creating jobs and building infrastructure.
Subjugation
The forced removal and military conquest of Native Americans during the 19th century aimed to bring them under control.
Urbanization
The late 19th century saw millions of Americans moving to cities like New York and Chicago.
Xenophobia
The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was a result of fear and discrimination against immigrants.
Capitalism
The Industrial Revolution was fueled by private ownership and free markets.
Socialism
During the Progressive Era, some reformers advocated for government ownership of industries to reduce inequality.
Communism
The Cold War was a conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to create a classless society.
Covert
During the Cold War, the CIA conducted secret operations to combat communism.
Overt
The Marshall Plan was a public effort to rebuild Europe after World War II.
Multilateral
The United Nations is an alliance of multiple countries working toward common goals.
Unilateral
The Monroe Doctrine was a declaration by the U.S. without involving other nations.
Conservative
The Reagan Revolution of the 1980s emphasized limited government and traditional values.
Liberal
The New Deal programs expanded the role of government in addressing economic and social problems.
Cosmopolitan
New York City in the early 20th century attracted people from around the world, fostering cultural diversity.
Parochial
Some Americans in the 1920s held narrow views, opposing immigration and global engagement.
Fundamentalism
The Scopes Trial highlighted the clash between traditional religious beliefs and modern science.
Didactic
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin aimed to teach readers about the evils of slavery.
Immigration
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw millions of Europeans coming to the U.S.
Emigration
During the Irish Potato Famine, many Irish people left their homeland to settle in the U.S.
Humanitarian
During World War II, organizations like the Red Cross provided aid to refugees and prisoners of war.
Insurrection
The January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol was an attempt to overturn the 2020 election results.
