PROG LANG PRELIMS

Programming Language

A formal notation system or instructions for writing computer programs and other software applications.

Machine Language

Invented by Ada Lovelace in 1843, it was the first machine algorithm.

Plankalkül

Konrad Zuse.The first high-level computer programming language ever developed, including mathematical expressions.

Assembly Language

Kathleen Booth. A low-level programming language developed in 1949 to simplify machine code for writing instructions for processors.

Shortcode

William Schimitt. Implemented by William Schmitt in 1949 to improve operations of the BINAC and UNIVAC computers.

Autocode

Alick Glennie. The first compiled programming language, which could be translated into machine code using a compiler, developed in 1952.

Fortran

John Backus. Formula Translation created by John Backus in 1957 to shorten the programming process.

ALGOL

Introduced in 1958, it served as the point of origin for other programming languages, including Pascal, Java, C, and C++.

LISP

John McCarthy. Created by John McCarthy in 1958 for artificial intelligence (AI) applications.

COBOL

Murray. Developed in 1959 for business computer programs in various industries.

BASIC

Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Microsoft’s first commercially successful product introduced in 1964.

Pascal

Niklaus Wirth. Endorsed by Apple in 1970 for its streamlined and straightforward process.

C

Dennis Ritchie. Recommended for creating embedded system drivers and applications, introduced in 1972.

SQL

Originally called SEQUEL, used for modifying, viewing, and altering information in databases.

C++

Bjarne Stroustrup. Introduced in 1983, it added new features like templates, classes, and virtual functions.

Objective-C

Brad Cox and Tom Love. Used in Apple’s iOS, macOS, and iPad operating systems, also introduced in 1983.

Python

Guido Van Rossum. A general-purpose, high-level language introduced in 1991, used for various applications including build control and management.

Visual Basic (VB)

Introduced in 1991, it allows users to drag and drop sections of code simultaneously.

Java

James Gosling. One of the world’s most famous programming languages for coding web applications, introduced in 1995.

Javascript

Brendan Eich. Used for web development, PDF documents, and desktop widgets, also introduced in 1995.

PHP

Rasmus Lerdorf. Originally named Personal Home Page, now known as Hypertext Preprocessor, used for building and maintaining web pages and server-side development.

Scientific Applications

As efficiency is a concern in this domain, Fortran was the first language used.

Business Applications

he first successful high-level language for this domain was COBOL, the initial version from 1960.

Aritificial Intelligence (AI)

As this requires flexibility, LISP was the first widely used programming language for this domain before 1990.

Web Software

Embedding programming code can be in the form of a scripting language such as JavaScript or PHP.

Syntax

is the form of its expressions, statements, and program units.

Source code

is a program written in a high-level programming language.

Source file

is the file containing the source code.

Keywords

reserved words that have a special meaning in the language.

Operators

symbols that perform operations on variables and values.

Punctuation

includes symbols such as commas, semicolons, and braces that help structure the program.

Metalanguage

is a language or set of terms used to describe another language.

Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

it is a tree representation of the syntactic structure of the source code.

BNF

means Backus-Naur Form

BNF rules

an be created by combining terminals and nonterminals.

Operational Semantics

describes the behavior of a program in terms of abstract machine execution steps.

Denotational Semantics

maps syntactic constructs to mathematical objects, offering an abstract, mathematical description of their meaning

Axiomatic Semantics

uses logical assertions, such as preconditions and postconditions, to specify and prove properties about a program.

Semantics

is the meaning of those expressions, statements, and program units that syntax forms.

Static semantics

involves rules checked simultaneously, such as type checking and scope resolution

Dynamic semantics

refers to the behavior of a program when it is run.