ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND ENERGY

What are the 4 economic sectors

Primary, secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

What’s the primary sector and give some examples

-the growth or extraction of raw materials e.g. farming, fishing, mining

what’s the secondary sector and examples

raw materials are processed and turned into a finished product. e.g. manufactory, chemistry

what’s the tertiary sectors and give examples

involves providing services to others/consumers or selling products/goods. e.g. banks, teachers, healthcare, transport

what’s the quaternary sector and give examples

knowledge- based, involves provision of specialist, research and development. e.g. scientists, technology, astronauts

what are an economic sectors a indicator of for a country

indicator of a country’s economic development

what does GDP stand for

gross domestic product

what does the Clark fisher model show

shows changes in the UK economy over time

what three phases are there in time

pre-industrial, industrial (industrial revolution) and post-industrial

what’s the sectors like in the preindustrial period

primary sector dominates with steady increases in secondary and tertiary

what’s the sectors like in the industrial period

Secondary sector increases and becomes dominant with primary sector decreasing and tertiary sector increasing

what are the sectors like in the post industrial phase

tertiary and quaternary sectors increase whilst secondary and primary decrease. Tertiary sector dominates.

why was the primary sector so high in the pre-industrial phases

food supplies where dependent of domestic production and due to lack of mechanisation this made farming the main activity

why did primary sector fall in the industrial phase

as more jobs became available in manufacturing due to mechanisation causing people to move to urban areas where they would get paid more

why was the primary sector so low in post industrial

secondary and tertiary where the main jobs that provided more money than primary jobs

why was secondary sector low in pre-industrial phase

on its way to increase but primary was the main sector due to not enough manufacturing jobs

why did secondary sector begin to increase in the industrial phase

increase mechanisation lead to more jobs forr secondary

Why did secondary sector decline in post industrial phase

Margret thatcher privatised state industries and sold them, leading to deindustrialisation and due to improved technology it meant there was an increase in tertiary and quaternary sectors.

why was tertiary so high in the post industrial phase

as national corporation are increasing in size and power it causes tertiary to increase

what did the post industrial mean for the UK

when manufacturing industry declined and was replaced by growth in service sectors and development in quaternary due to new technology

when did the post industrial phase begin

in 1970s

what was the UK the first country to experience

Industrial revolution

what where the 4 main things during post industrial phase in UK

development of ICT, growth of service industries, finances and research and an increase in quaternary sector

what did development of ICT mean

faster computers, improved internet access, new IT businesses manufacturing hardware and designing software

what did the growth of service industries mean

service/tertiary sector makes up 80% of UK economy, there’s a range in jobs, UK is the second largest exporter of services globally

what does increase in finances and research mean

more financial jobs e.g. accountancy, banking etc. Science and research takes place through government research councils such as university’s

what does deindustrialisation mean

is the decline in the manufacturing industry and the subsequent growth in tertiary and quaternary.

why did deindustrialisation happen

because of machines and technology that replaces peoples jobs and other countries can produce cheaper goofs as labour is less expensive.

what’s some positive impacts of deindustrialisation

• improvements in the environments and decreased levels of pollution

• developed expertise on secondary and tertiary economic activities

negative impacts of deindustrialisation

• led to high numbers of job losses particularly in the north of UK

• lead to areas of deprivation especially in inner cities e.g. Liverpool

• increased numbers of transnational corporations (TNCs) have moved factories and offices to emerging and developing countries

what is globalisation

the growth and spread of ideas around the world becoming more involved with each other

How have the UK’s government policies changed overtime

• 1945-1979= created state-run industries e.g. British rail, Government money was spent on propping up declining industries and giving money into country

• 1979-2010=state run industry’s were sold to private shareholders, privatisation- companies closed down and sold.

• 2010=rebalance the economy, stabilising manufacturing, easier to access loans

what are factors that effect employment

• availability of raw materials

• globalisation

• technology

• demographic changes

• government policies

why do changes in employment sector changes in countries

as countries develop the number of people employed in each sector changes which can be shown in the Clark fisher model and Pie charts

what type of countries is Kenya, Germany and China

China=emerging country

Kenya=developing country

Germany=developed country

why does Kenya’s employment look like this

• significant percentage of people in rural populations are farmers and are dependent on raw material exports to developed and emerging countries

why does China’s employment look like this

• more materials may be available in these countries -secondary section

• factories are located in emerging counties due to lower costs

• government aim to attract companies to locate here

why is Germany’s employment like this

• deindustrialisation means fewer jobs in secondary sector

• mechanisation means fewer jobs in primary and secondary

• tertiary has higher pay and education levels are higher so more people want tertiary jobs

how does availability of raw material effect employment

• may have run out/ be unavailable

• crop production + livestock may be reduced due to drought, flooding and disease

• improvement in technology may reduce amount of raw materials needed

How does Globalisation effect employment

• lower costs tend to be in developing + emerging countries

• TNC have factories in many country’s

• industries such as textiles + steel manufacturing are increasingly located in emerging countries

• internet allows improved communication around the world

How does Technology effect employment

• fewer jobs in primary and secondary due to mechanisation

• internet means companies can manage factories in different countries

how does demographic changes effect employment

• increase in population means greater demand for product + services

• people may have more disposable income to spend

• increase in pop means more workers available

how does government policies effect employment

• targets particular economic activities to locate in their countries using tax incentives, infrastructure improvements and grants/cheap rent

• international treaties impact what countries can trade

what are the physical factors that effect location

• raw materials

• land

• energy

• climate

what are the human factors that effect location

• capital

• transport

• market

• labour

• government

what factors effect primary sectors and why

• land- amount of land available, costs, soil type and resources

• market- some crops need to be very close to market e.g. strawberries

• labour- fewer workers needed due to mechanisation (developed countries)

• government policies - whether subsidies are available

• transport- access to roads for transport of crops, animals and materials

• climate- precipitation, sunshine and temperatures effect type of crop +livestock grown

What factors effect location of secondary sectors

• Raw materials - How close the activity needs to be to raw materials and the types of raw materials will depend on the industry

• Land - Large areas of land are often required for factories, so the cost and amount of the land are important

• Market - Access to the market is important to be able to sell the goods made

• Government policies - Tax incentives, grants, and loans may be available if the economic activity is located in a particular area

• Energy - A power source is needed; this used to be coal or water, Energy is now provided by electricity, which can be accessed in many areas

• Transport - Access to roads is essential to bring in raw materials and send out the product

what factors effect the location of tertiary sectors

• Land - The amount of land depends on the type of economic activity; large retail parks need lots of land 

• Market - Needs to be close to the customers or service users

• Energy - A power source is needed—electricity, which can be accessed in many areas

• Labour - Workers needed both skilled and unskilled

• Transport - It needs to be accessible for customers, workers and in the case of retail, to bring in the products

what factors effect location of quaternary sectors

• Land -Science parks need large areas of land, usually near a university on the rural-urban fringe

• Energy - A power source is needed—electricity, which can be accessed in many areas

• Labour - Skilled labour is needed, often university graduates

• Transport - Needs to be accessible to the workers

what is informal employment

any employment which is unregulated and unofficial also called the ‘grey economy’ , 60% of employment in the world is informal

what are the causes of informal employment

• people want to avoid taxes

• high levels of rural to urban migration leading to more people than jobs available

• lack of qualifications/ doesn’t require certain skills or education

• flexible hours to fit around family

• costs less to set up

• low wages in jobs means people need additional jobs to make enough money

what are the impacts of informal employment

• no health care benefit, no sick pay or holiday, no guaranteed pay and exposed health and safety risks

• paratransit cause congestion and pollution

• children may be exposed too health risks, drugs, violence and crime and don’t have opportunity to go to school

• workers often exploited by employers

• government collect less in tax

what case study are we doing for informal employment

Dhaka, Bangladesh

what are the main types of informal employment in Dhaka

• rickshaw drivers

• day labourers in construction

• waste related workers

• workers in small workshops

• casual workers in restaurants and hotels

give some background information about Dhaka

• is a megacity with population of 22.5 million people

• 75% population engage in informal employment

• 690,000 children in Dhaka are involved in informal employment

• most informal workers live in informal settlements

What are the characteristics of Dhaka’s informal sector

• no training

• low pay

• long working hours

• underemployment

• no benefits e.g. healthcare, sick pay

• poor/unhealthy working conditions

• health and safety risks

• exploitation of employers

• no legal protection

what does all economic activity involve the use of what two things

resources and energy

the rate at which resources and energy are use up depends on what two factors

• population size

• rate of development

what is overpopulation

when there are too many people or too few resources to ensure a high standard of living

what is underpopulation

when the population is too small to develop the resources effectively

what is population pressure

occurs when the population is greater than the carrying capacity

what is innovation

new inventions that increase resource availability

population growth can exceed what…

can exceed the rate that resource availability grows

which two people came up with theories of the relationship between population and resources

• Thomas Malthus and Ester Boserup

what are both theories concerned with

concerned with the relationship between population and resources

what is Thomas Malthus theory and who is he

-he is a British economist who developed a pessimistic (negative) view on population growth and resources (1766-1834)

-his main ideas where that population growth is increasing faster than the food supply and we cant sustain population so it will stops as a result of a Malthusian catastrophe - famine, disease, war/ death

-he states population growth at a geometric rate (2,4,8,16) and resource availability grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4)

-preventative checks- factors to decrease birth rate

-positive checks-what increases death rates

what is the modern perspective on Malthus views and what’s it called

Neo Malthusians argue that: we have now used most of the available agricultural land, amount of fertile land is in decline, food prices are increasing, population continues to increase suggesting that population control is essential to avoid Malthusian catastrophe

who is Ester Boserup and what was her theory

She was a Danish economist who believed in human innovation and adaptability- her view was optimistic

-born in 1910-1999

her key ideas where: population growth stimulates agricultural innovation and developments/inventions in technology to increase food supply. Renewable resources will replace non renewable resources. “necessity is the mother of invention”→ people are key resources and use brain power

What does this graph show

optimum theory of population

what are the causes of increased energy demand

• Population growth and development are the two main causes of the increase in energy demand:

  • The higher demand for food leads to more intensive farming which requires more energy for machines, light and heat

  • Increasing industry requires energy for heating, lighting and machinery

  • There is more transport all of which requires energy in the form of petrol, diesel or electricity

  • Urbanisation increases with development increasing domestic appliances, heating, lighting

  • Increased wealth means people buy more appliances and technology which require energy

what countries tend to have higher energy consumption

in developed counties such as Canada, Norway

what countries tend to have lower energy consumption

developing countries such as all if Africa, Chad

what is the main energy source and how much does it supply to the worlds primary energy

fossil fuels which supply 844% of worlds primary energy

how much renewable energy makes up the energy mix

11%

what is energy poverty

when people do not have access to modern energy supplies

what does this pie chart show

shows the global energy sources/ consumption

what are some environmental concerns with the amount of energy consumed

• non renewable sources link to pollution and global warming

• impact of fossil fuels

why are energy sources not evenly distributed across the world

because some areas produce little energy due to lack of natural resources or do not have enough money to exploit the resources

what country’s are the main producers of fossil fuels for primary energy

USA, Canada, Norway, Russia, Middle East, Australia

what is an energy gap

energy gap is when a country cannot meet the demand for energy using its own resources

what do countries do when they have an energy gap

they have to import energy to meet their demand

what does having an energy gap mean for the country

means the country is not energy secure

what does a country need to be energy secure

• uninterrupted/reliable supply of energy

• accessible energy

• affordable energy

why does the UK have a widening energy gap

• renewable energy is not as efficient and so cant replace in full energy from fossil fuels

• cheaper to import fossil fuels than to exploit the resources in the UK

what factors can affect energy security

• war/conflict

• energy sources running out

• natural hazards

• cost

• political disputes

• environmental concerns

give examples of non renewable resources

gas, oil, coal, nuclear

what are non-renewable resources

are unsustainable as at some point they will run out or the economic and environmental costs will become too high

give the advantages and disadvantages of Gas (non renewable)

Advantages	Efficient The least polluting of fossil fuels Easy to transport - pipes Easy to produce energy from  Reliable
Disadvantages	Risk of explosions Releases CO2 one of the main greenhouse gases Air pollution Price fluctuates

give the advantages and disadvantages of oil

Advantages	Efficient Less polluting than coal Quite easy to transport - pipes or barrels Easy to produce energy from  Reliable
Disadvantages	Risk of oil spills - Exxon Valdez Risk of fire/explosions - Piper Alpha oil platform Low world reserves Releases CO2 one of the main greenhouse gases Air pollution  Price fluctuates

advantages and disadvantages for coal

Advantages	Large world reserves Mechanisation and technology have made coal more accessible and cheaper Cheap Efficient Easy to produce energy from  Reliable
Disadvantages	Releases CO2 one of the main greenhouse gases Releases SO2 which leads to acid rain Opencast mines destroy habitats Heavy and bulky to transport Mining accidents Air pollution

advantages and disadvantages for nuclear

Advantages	No greenhouse gas emissions  Efficient Small amounts of uranium needed
Disadvantages	Nuclear waste is radioactive and expensive to dispose of Power stations are expensive Risk of nuclear accidents - Chernobyl, Fukushima Possible health impacts in the areas around nuclear power stations

what are renewable energy resources

resources that are sustainable and will never run out

examples of renewable resources

• Hydroelectric

• Wave/tidal

• Wind

• Solar

• Geothermal

• Biomass/waste

advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric energy

Advantages	No greenhouse gas emissions Controls flooding downstream Often in sparsely populated areas May provide water storage for irrigation and domestic use
Disadvantages	Large areas of land are flooded behind the dam Dam traps sediment which can affect ecosystems downstream Visual pollution Can prevent fish movement upstream People and settlements may have to be relocated Expensive to build and maintain

advantages and disadvantages for wave/tidal energy

Advantages	No greenhouse gas emissions No air pollution Has the potential to produce large amounts of energy Reliable
Disadvantages	Expensive to build and maintain Can affect marine ecosystems Few suitable sites

advantages and disadvantages of wind energy

Advantages	No greenhouse gas emissions No air pollution Can be small or large scale  Cheap to run Can be on land or offshore
Disadvantages	Not reliable only works when the wind is strong enough but not too strong Visual pollution Noise pollution  Many turbines (233) are needed to produce the same energy as an average coal-fired power station May affect bird migration patterns or kill birds who fly into the moving blades

advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

Advantages	No greenhouse gas emissions  No air pollution Can be small or large scale  Can be used in most locations Can be incorporated into building design
Disadvantages	Expensive Not reliable only works when it is sunny Large numbers needs to produce energy Uses large areas of land

advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy

Advantages	No CO2 gases Lots of potential sites Reliable  Can produce large amounts of energy
Disadvantages	Expensive Emits sulphuric gases High temperatures cause machinery to break

advantages and disadvantages of biomass/waste

Advantages	Uses waste or biofuels which regrow Available in most locations
Disadvantages	Air pollution Produces greenhouse gases Expensive

why is sustainable energy management essential

• to ensure future generations are to have the energy resources they need

• to limit climate change