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Nuclear family
Family that consists of spouses and their depended children
Extended family
family system in which several generations live together
Lone parent family
One parent living with one or more dependent children
Blended family
Family in which divorced partners with children from a previous union marry
Same sex family
Family with 2 people of the same gender with children
Interracial family
Family that consists of parents with different racial/ethnic backgrounds
Addition of new family members
Giving birth, adoption, fertility clinics
Benefits to canadian society: Population increases, economy improves
Physical care of family member
Feeding family, bathing, taking care of elderly parents
Benefits to canadian society: Individuals within population stays healthy
Socialization of children
Teaching communication, taking them to school, religious/cultural activities
Benefits to canadian society: Children will develop skills, knowledge and attitudes consistent with employable expectations
Social control of members
Teaching children right from wrong, disciplining them, etc.
Benefits to canadian society: They will become law abiding citizens
Affective nurturance & maintaining morale
Family members comfort children when crying, support them in making decisions
Benefits to canadian society: Individuals will care for others in society, They will develop strong relationships in their own families
Producing & consuming goods + services
Parents earn money through jobs, perform household chores, bay bills, etc.
Benefits to canadian society: Parents provide for family
Contributes to economy
Provides goods/services (through job)
No-fault divorce
Divorce where “grounds” for divorce (adultery, cruelty) no longer have to be proven
Common-law relationship
Relationships where people live in one household without getting legally married
Agents of socialization
Family, school, peer groups, media, religion, and the workplace who influence, shape, and socialize us
Social institutions
Agents of socialization, social structures
They shape values and beliefs, maintain order, and help society to function efficiently.
Personal institutions
Social institutions that affect the person’s lives immediately, such as family.
Impersonal institutions
Institutions that involve the activities and behaviours affecting large groups of people, such as government.
Purpose of social institutions
Acts as an agent of socialization
Maintains order and security
Characteristics of social institutions
Have a specific purpose and their members are joined together by shared values and beliefs.
Existed for a long period of time
Well-established patterns of functioning known as a structure. Because of these
patterns, change usually happens slowly.
Total Institutions
Institutions such as prisons that are designed to give people new socialization experiences to replace the negative results of their prior socialization.
Conformity
when an individual changes their behaviour to fit in with the expectations of an authority/larger group.
Institutionalization
A negative result of re-socialization: an inability to make decisions and live independently, preventing an individual to function in the outside world again.
Socialization
The process of learning basic skills, socially accepted goals, roles and behaviours
Primary socialization
The process of learning the basic skills needed to survive in society
Secondary socialization
The process of learning how to behave appropriately in group situations
Anticipatory socialization
The process of learning how to plan the way to behave in new situations
Resocialization
The process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour
Abnormal socialization
When the crucial socialization that occurs in the first years of life is missing, resulting in disastrous consequences for the children
Sexual abuse
Occurs when an adult, sibling or peer touches a child sexually or inappropriately
Neglect
The failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life
Emotional abuse
Abuse that may include repeatedly criticizing child or subjecting them to an unhappy or disturbing environment
Physical abuse
Involves assault or inflicting physical harm
Feral children
Children that are deserted at a young age and raised by animals
They lack basic skills
Isolated children
Children raised in near isolation within human households
Primary Agents of Socialization
Family
Secondary Agents of Socialization
School
Peer groups
The workplace
Media
Religion
Primary sources
Original materials on which other research is based.
They are from the time period involved and have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation.
Secondary sources
documents, texts, images, and objects about an event created by someone who typically referenced the primary sources for their information.
Protection in social science research
Participants are to be protected from pain (physical and psychological).
Informed Consent
participants are to be made aware of the purpose of the research including the procedures and risks associated with participation. Participants must be informed that withdrawal from participation, at any time, for any reason, is permissible without consequence.
Debriefing
if the use of deception is necessary, participants must be informed of the real nature of the research immediately following their participation.
Little Albert
John Watson’s experiment
Exposed a 9-month old boy to white objects
Started making loud noises while he played with the objects
He began to associate white objects with fear
Learned helplessness
Mark Seligman and Steve Maier
3 groups of dogs
Group 1 was unharmed
Group 2 was subjected to shocks that could be ended with a lever
Group 3 was subjected to shocks that had no end
Later, when placed in a box that the dogs could easily jump out of, Group 3 dogs just gave up
Standford prison experiment
Philip Zimbardo’s experiment
David Reimer
John Money told Bruce Reimer’s parents to rename him Brenda after a failed circumcision
“Brenda” felt wrong for years, until he found out the truth and began living as David
He ended up committing suicide
Landis’ Facial expressions
Carney Landis
Studied how facial expressions relate to emotions
Told participants to behead a rat
If they didn’t he would do it for them
In the end, nothing was proved and rats died for no reason
Bystander effect
The larger the amount of people in a group, the less likely it is that people will stop to help someone in an emergency.
Kitty Genovese
Brutally murdered in front of her apartment building, neighbours turned on their lights and watched, but nobody went down to help her.
Adversial
Legal parties in a dispute have the responsibility for finding and presenting evidence
Retribution
“an eye for an eye”
Deterrence
Use of fear to discourage or prevent criminal behaviour
Specific deterrence
When punishment teaches the offender that crime isn’t worth is so the offender does not commit further offences out of fear
General deterrence
Other members of society fear punishment given to offenders, so they decide against breaking the law
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