HSP3U exam - short answer section

Nuclear family

Nuclear family

Family that consists of spouses and their depended children

Extended family

family system in which several generations live together

Lone parent family

One parent living with one or more dependent children

Blended family

Family in which divorced partners with children from a previous union marry

Same sex family

Family with 2 people of the same gender with children

Interracial family

Family that consists of parents with different racial/ethnic backgrounds

Addition of new family members

Giving birth, adoption, fertility clinics

Benefits to canadian society: Population increases, economy improves

Physical care of family member

Feeding family, bathing, taking care of elderly parents

Benefits to canadian society: Individuals within population stays healthy

Socialization of children

Teaching communication, taking them to school, religious/cultural activities

Benefits to canadian society: Children will develop skills, knowledge and attitudes consistent with employable expectations

Social control of members

Teaching children right from wrong, disciplining them, etc.

Benefits to canadian society: They will become law abiding citizens

Affective nurturance & maintaining morale

Family members comfort children when crying, support them in making decisions

Benefits to canadian society: Individuals will care for others in society, They will develop strong relationships in their own families

Producing & consuming goods + services

Parents earn money through jobs, perform household chores, bay bills, etc.

Benefits to canadian society: Parents provide for family

Contributes to economy

Provides goods/services (through job)

No-fault divorce

Divorce where “grounds” for divorce (adultery, cruelty) no longer have to be proven

Common-law relationship

Relationships where people live in one household without getting legally married

Agents of socialization

Family, school, peer groups, media, religion, and the workplace who influence, shape, and socialize us

Social institutions

Agents of socialization, social structures

They shape values and beliefs, maintain order, and help society to function efficiently.

Personal institutions

Social institutions that affect the person’s lives immediately, such as family.

Impersonal institutions

Institutions that involve the activities and behaviours affecting large groups of people, such as government.

Purpose of social institutions

• Acts as an agent of socialization

• Maintains order and security

Characteristics of social institutions

• Have a specific purpose and their members are joined together by shared values and beliefs.

• Existed for a long period of time

• Well-established patterns of functioning known as a structure. Because of these

  patterns, change usually happens slowly.

Total Institutions

Institutions such as prisons that are designed to give people new socialization experiences to replace the negative results of their prior socialization.

Conformity

when an individual changes their behaviour to fit in with the expectations of an authority/larger group.

Institutionalization

A negative result of re-socialization: an inability to make decisions and live independently, preventing an individual to function in the outside world again.

Socialization

The process of learning basic skills, socially accepted goals, roles and behaviours

Primary socialization

The process of learning the basic skills needed to survive in society

Secondary socialization

The process of learning how to behave appropriately in group situations

Anticipatory socialization

The process of learning how to plan the way to behave in new situations

Resocialization

The process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour

Abnormal socialization

When the crucial socialization that occurs in the first years of life is missing, resulting in disastrous consequences for the children

Sexual abuse

Occurs when an adult, sibling or peer touches a child sexually or inappropriately

Neglect

The failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life

Emotional abuse

Abuse that may include repeatedly criticizing child or subjecting them to an unhappy or disturbing environment

Physical abuse

Involves assault or inflicting physical harm

Feral children

Children that are deserted at a young age and raised by animals

They lack basic skills

Isolated children

Children raised in near isolation within human households

Primary Agents of Socialization

Family

Secondary Agents of Socialization

• School

• Peer groups

• The workplace

• Media

• Religion

Primary sources

Original materials on which other research is based.

They are from the time period involved and have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation.

Secondary sources

documents, texts, images, and objects about an event created by someone who typically referenced the primary sources for their information.

Protection in social science research

Participants are to be protected from pain (physical and psychological).

Informed Consent

participants are to be made aware of the purpose of the research including the procedures and risks associated with participation. Participants must be informed that withdrawal from participation, at any time, for any reason, is permissible without consequence.

Debriefing

if the use of deception is necessary, participants must be informed of the real nature of the research immediately following their participation.

Little Albert

John Watson’s experiment

Exposed a 9-month old boy to white objects

Started making loud noises while he played with the objects

He began to associate white objects with fear

Learned helplessness

Mark Seligman and Steve Maier

3 groups of dogs

Group 1 was unharmed

Group 2 was subjected to shocks that could be ended with a lever

Group 3 was subjected to shocks that had no end

Later, when placed in a box that the dogs could easily jump out of, Group 3 dogs just gave up

Standford prison experiment

Philip Zimbardo’s experiment

David Reimer

John Money told Bruce Reimer’s parents to rename him Brenda after a failed circumcision

“Brenda” felt wrong for years, until he found out the truth and began living as David

He ended up committing suicide

Landis’ Facial expressions

Carney Landis

Studied how facial expressions relate to emotions

Told participants to behead a rat

If they didn’t he would do it for them

In the end, nothing was proved and rats died for no reason

Bystander effect

The larger the amount of people in a group, the less likely it is that people will stop to help someone in an emergency.

Kitty Genovese

Brutally murdered in front of her apartment building, neighbours turned on their lights and watched, but nobody went down to help her.

Adversial

Legal parties in a dispute have the responsibility for finding and presenting evidence

Retribution

“an eye for an eye”

Deterrence

Use of fear to discourage or prevent criminal behaviour

Specific deterrence

When punishment teaches the offender that crime isn’t worth is so the offender does not commit further offences out of fear

General deterrence

Other members of society fear punishment given to offenders, so they decide against breaking the law