cold war, uk, usa, 1st half term politics

Peel in 1828

repealed the test and corporation acts the law previosly barred roman catholics and some protestants from being in government positions of power

Peel in 1829

home secretary he introduced catholic emancipation Which split the party and allowed whigs to take power

1834 tamsworth manifesto

meant peel outlined his wishes to broaden the appeal of the tory party, he wanted the reform acts to be final and a setlement to give the needed reform which he wasn’t opposed to, he also made his support for the COFE very clear

When was tamworth

1834

lichfield hosue compact

1835 agreement between the whigs and the irish to push against the tories

Torys won in 1841 rather than whigs lose

stremgths of peel, 1832 electoral re organisation, tamworth manifesto, consolidating the traditional tory abse through fears of reform

Whigs lost 1841 rather than tories won

socio economic issues, political pressures on whigs, weaknesses of melbourne, splits in whig irish coalition,

1839 bedchamber crisis

-queen likes melbourne a lot and gives him special treatment compared to other relationships between monarchs and pms but she is not supposed to prefer a party

-he is there to talk to the queen about her biases due to the ladies in waiting

Why did the tories win

Socio economic issues

Political pressures from whigs

Weaknesses of melbourne

Strengths of peel

Split in the whig radical coalition

Tory party and electoral reorganisation post 1832

Tamworth

Consolidation of traditional tory base through tamworth

Problems facing peels government

Problems with peels government

the problems afcing oeels government were serious budget deficit which was 1.8 million and growing, economic diconent and people sturggling, social and political unrest, anti corn law league

in 1841 the budget deficit was 1.8 million

How did peel deal with these issues

income tax reintroduced and freer trade

By 1845 the surplus was 3.4 million

Companies act was introduced in 1844 and meant that companies were easier and cheaper to start

1844 meant bank of england were the only omes who could print money

The fiduciary issue was that we had all our money in gold so we had to trust banks to set the price correctly

Peels policies on taxation

Income tax on incomes over £150

430 Items became free duty.

• Reduced duty on key materials and food.

• Sugar duty reduced.

• Increased trade.

Impact of peels policy on taxation

• Did help the economy and helped good harvests and prosperity

• Upper classes discontent

•  Railway boom in 1852 an extra 3000 miles of track

• Deficit had been turned into a surplus of £3.4 million

Peels banking policies

the Bank Charter Act- aimed to maintain stable banking a currency by preventing the circulation of excessive paper money. Restricted bank notes to those issues by the Bank of England, and it could only issues notes to the value of gold reserves it held

-The Fiduciary issue- the bank was allowed to issue another £14 mil

Impact of peels banking

More financial stability

Peels railway policy

the far for each third class passenger by such train shall not exceed one penny or each mile travelled how do they boost economic growth because it is unregulated private companies concern that if these companies go bust how do they boost economic growth because it is unregulated private companies concern that if these companies go bust what will happen which is why they want to put a regulation act The railway regulation act – peel's president of board of trade, William Gladstone introduced a remarkable railway regulation act in 1844, gave parliament power to limit rail profits, to purchase the railways o state and inspect the account of railway companies

Impact of peels railway policies

Railways bubbled

Much more investment

When were corn laws introduced

1815

When were corn laws ammended

1828

Anticorn law league

-founded march 1839

-supported by irish catholic association

-free trade ideas with support from the middle classes

-very large group aimed to abolish the corn laws

-thousands of people per meetings

-included women in its newspapers

Counter arguments to the anticorn law league

-domestic corn will be cheaper anyway

-cron laws were already ammended

-low prices mean less wrokers

Methods of the anticorn law league

-protests

-petitions

-journels

-posters

-newspapers

The end of detente

Reagen, ussr in afganistan, ussr getting more nuclears, ussr and human rights, and bad economies

Causes of the new cold war

Ussr invaded afganistan for oil, poland with solidarity, economic issues, ostpolitik udner threat, star wars, 1983 they tried to make shields for ICBMs, shooting of south korean plane

Cases of usa afagan war

Strategic concerns

Islamic fundamentalists

Geograohy

Culture

Courses of the usa afgan war

Proxy war, usa spent 20 billion, extension of the brezchnev doctrine, pakistan supported afgansiatn, invasion outside of the warsaw pact

Consequences of the ussr afgan war

Ended salt 2 economic impact, veterens angry, more military funding, ended detente

Brezchnev era

1964-1985

Brezchnev died in 1982 gorbachev came in 1985

Bad economy, alcoholism, agricluture and innovation

Gorbachev

Perestroika and glasnost

Was a hard time due to the afgan war and helsinki accords

Spring 1986 media censorship stopped

Geneva summit

Novemebr 1985

Established foundations

Rekjavik summit

October 1986

Gorbachev prosed no nulcears

Washington summit

Decmebr 1987 ICBM banned

Moscow summit

May 1988 more bans

Malta summit

Decemebr 1989 cold war over complete peace

The downfall of of communism in poland

Marshall alw to stop solidaroty

Some perestroika reforms

Jaruzelski met with solidaroty for reforms like free tarde and elections

August tadeusz mozowjecki first non ommunsit leader

Striked feb 1980 not repressed

The downfall of of communism in Hungary

Got 1 billion from gdr to make reforms

Resentment towards janos kadar

June 1989 free elections

The downfall of of communism in Romania

Imports reduced, workers protests, ban aboritions, 17/12/89 big protests cracked down on, strict rationing

The downfall of of communism in Czechia

Communisst lost power in 28/11/89

Protsting in novemebr after ebrlin wall fell

The downfall of of communism in Bulgaria

Perestroika and glasnost

Struggled with debt repayments

Free eelctions in 1990

Novemebr 1989 zhivkov stepped down

Gorbachev wanted to end economic aid

The downfall of of communism in GDR

Borrowed a lot from the west

Spent on defence

Had around 50,000 border troops

People protested late 1989

10/11/89 wall opened

Gorbachev popular tehre

The renification of germany

Factors effecting it were kohl the gdr chancellor he got loans fore conomic reforms he wanted reunififctaion and 93% voted for him usa wanted reunifictaion but uk and france felt more threatened

3rd october 1990 they reunififed

Yeltsin in gorbachev out

Gorbachev was removed because of high food prices, food shortage, nationalist groups, ukrainan nationalism and the union treaty

Shock therapy was gorbachev trying to move from communsim

2nd jan 1992 there was privatisation allowed

40% in poverty in the ussr less life expectancy and more death

Yeltsin

Decmebr 1991 to decemebr 1999

Had the 1993 crisis Where he dismissed them in setmebr and they argued more in octoebr

Causes of yugoslavia war

Tito died may 1980

Ethnic rivalry

Economic issues

Nationalism

Inflation being 300%

Courses of yugoslavia war

1990 republic split up and yugoslvaia declared independace

Consequences of yugoslvaia war

100,000 people died

High tension

Dayton agreement

1995 dayton agreement

Cause by serbian violence 100,000 deaths nato strike august 1995 bosnians taking un people hostage ethnic tensions

Consequences are independance they all got their own govenrment and nato oversaw the agreement

Joseph tito

Yugoslavia leader 1943-1980

Solidaroty made date

31/8/80

Polish independance declared by solidarity date

9/81

Marshall law declared on solidarity date

13/10/81

Miners strike in poland date

23/10/81

Solidarity banned date

1982

Solidaroty stopped date

1988

Evil empire speech date

8/3/83

Reagens adress speech date

16/1/83

Ussr vs afganistan dates

1979-1989

Geneva summit date

11/85

Rekjavik summit date

10/86

Washington summit date

12/87

Moscow summit date

5/88

Malta summit date

12/89

Date that jaru zelski met with solidaroty

Feb 1989

Polish strikes date

Feb 1988

Romanian protests date

17/12/89

Czechoslovak communists lost power date

28/11/89

Bulgarian free elections date

1990

Zhivkov stepped down date

November 1989

Berlin wall fell date

10/11/89

Gdr and frg combined date

3/10/90

Ussr allowed privatisation

2/1/92

Yelstin dates

1991-1999

When was the 1993 crisis

1993

When did yeltsin dismiss parliment

9/93

When did yeltsin argue with parliment

10/93

When did the chechyan war start

10/94

When did the chechyan rebels take the hospital hostage

7/95

When did russia invade chechnya

8/99

When waas chechyn dclared independance

1991

When did tito die

5/80

When did the republic in yugoslavia declare independace

1990

How many members did solidarity have

10 million

How much money did solidarity have from the usa a year

2 million

How much did hungary get from the gdr from economic reforms

1 billion

How many border troops did the gdr have

50,000

How many people voted for kohl

93%

How many were in poverty in russia after shock therapy

40%

What was yugoslavias inflation at before the war

300%

How many died in the yugoslavia war

100,000

Gorbachev

3/85-8/91

Jaruzelski

Polsih pm until august 1988

Tadeusz mozowjecki

Polish pm after 8/88

Zhivkov

Bulgarian pm until 11/89

Yeltsin

10/1991-12/1999

Kohl

Gdr leader 1982-1998

Tito

Yugoslavia leadr 1953-1980

Realist view of human nature

Human nature is very selfish

Humans are competative and naturally want t dominate eachother

John mearshimer

Russian invasion of ukraine wanted power and land

Liberal view of human nature

Liberals think human nature is positive

Liberals want collaberation and when conflict starts it is bc there was no platform for diplomacy

Js mill humans want collaberation and community

Russian invasion of ukraine because there was no platform for diplomacy

Realists think human nature is bad and diplomacy cant fix this

Realist view of the impact of the nation state on global politics

The nation state is the most important actor in state politics

States are soviergn and competative

John merashimer states want to dominate eachother

Russian invasion of ukraine wanted more power

Liberal view on the impact of the nation state on politics

Liberals think that supranational organisations are more important

Liberals think that these organisations can use sanctions and talks to make the big changes in global politicis

Locke humans want collaberation and diplomacy

Russian invasion of ukraine because there was no platform for diplomacy

Realists think that the states make up these supranational organisations so this makes no sense