General Chemistry 121 - Chapter 1 Lecture Review

Flashcards covering lecture overview, states and classifications of matter, properties, SI prefixes, sig fig rules, energy formulas, and dimensional analysis.

What is the point distribution breakdown for the CHEM 121 lecture and laboratory courses?

The lecture course totals $800$ points ($100$ points from quizzes, $400$ points from paper exams, $200$ points from the paper ACS exam, and $100$ points from handwritten homework), and the lab component is worth $200$ points.

What is the definition of chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes that matter undergoes.

How is matter defined in Chapter 1?

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.

What is the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory?

A scientific law is a statement of what always happens, whereas a theory is an explanation of what happens.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases regarding shape and volume?

Solids have a fixed shape and volume; liquids have a fixed volume, form a horizontal surface, and take the shape of their container; gases expand to fill their container.

What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?

A homogeneous mixture (or solution) exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout, whereas a heterogeneous mixture has a composition that varies from point to point.

Which element names and symbols are students required to memorize for quizzes and tests?

Students are required to memorize the names and symbols of the first $51$ elements on the periodic table.

What is the difference between physical properties and chemical properties?

Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity or composition of the substance, whereas chemical properties describe the way a substance may change or react to form new substances.

How do intensive properties differ from extensive properties?

Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter present (such as temperature or density), while extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present (such as mass or calories).

What is the base unit for mass in the metric system versus the SI system?

The metric base unit for mass is the gram ($g$), while the SI unit for mass when combined with other units is the kilogram ($kg$).

What are the SI prefix factors for femto- ($f$), pico- ($p$), nano- ($n$), micro- ($\nu$), milli- ($m$), centi- ($c$), and deci- ($d$)?

Femto- ($f$) is $10^{-15}$, pico- ($p$) is $10^{-12}$, nano- ($n$) is $10^{-9}$, micro- ($\nu$) is $10^{-6}$, milli- ($m$) is $10^{-3}$, centi- ($c$) is $10^{-2}$, and deci- ($d$) is $10^{-1}$.

What are the SI prefix factors for kilo- ($k$), mega- ($M$), giga- ($G$), and tera- ($T$)?

Kilo- ($k$) is $10^{3}$, mega- ($M$) is $10^{6}$, giga- ($G$) is $10^{9}$, and tera- ($T$) is $10^{12}$.

What volume relationships exist between cubic centimeters, milliliters, cubic decimeters, and liters?

$1\text{ cm}^3 = 1\text{ mL}$ and $1\text{ dm}^3 = 1\text{ L}$.

What is the exact conversion value between inches and centimeters?

$1\text{ in.} = 2.54\text{ cm}$.

What is the relationship between calories ($\text{cal}$) and Joules ($\text{J}$)?

$1\text{ cal} = 4.184\text{ J}$.

What formula expresses kinetic energy ($E_k$)?

$E_k = \frac{1}{2} m v^2$.

How are precision and accuracy defined in measurement?

Precision is a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another, while accuracy is a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with the true value.

What are the rules for identifying significant figures in leading, sandwiched, and trailing zeros?

Leading zeros never count; sandwiched (captive) zeros always count; trailing zeros only count if the number contains an explicit decimal point.

What is the rule for expressing significant figures in addition and subtraction?

The result must be rounded to match the measurement with the fewest number of decimal places.

What is the rule for expressing significant figures in multiplication and division?

The result must be rounded to match the measurement with the fewest total number of significant figures.

What is dimensional analysis?

Dimensional analysis is unit multiplication or division performed along with numerical value calculation to achieve unit conversion.