33. Essential concepts: word and lexeme, conventionality and arbitrariness of linguistic signs, motivated and unmotivated naming units, centre and periphery in lexis, paradigmatic vs syntagmatic and synchronic vs diachronic approaches towards the analysis of vocabulary.

word

• the actual form used in speech/writing

• can stand alone

• run, runs - different word forms

lexeme

• a set of words that share the same core meaning but may differ in grammatical form

•  base form (lemma) and inflections

conventionality

• language works because communities agree on a shared system of signs.

• a dog (we imagine a dog)

Arbitrariness

no connections between the signs and meanings§

pes X dog

motivated naming sigs

• it actually resembles the thing it is named after

kinds of motivated naming signs

• onomateopea

• coumpounds

• methaphors

unmotivated

doesnt rebemle the thing which is named after

centre vocabulary

• basic, widely used and known

• go, men, water

periphery vocabulary

special, less known, not widely used

paradigmatic relation

• vertical

• words can substitue each other based on similiarity

syntagmatic

• horizontal

• words cannot substitute each other, based on collocations, co-occurances

synchronic analysis

study of a vocabulary in one specific time - modern

diachronic analysis

looks at a word over the time, historical development