Health and Wellness through Nutrition: Section 1 ENERGY BALANCE

Both voluntary and involuntary actions require energy. The greatest use of energy in the body is a result of what?

involuntary work, which includes all activities in the body without conscious effort. ie, circulation, respiration, digestion, and absorption, + many more.

Involuntary actions require energy in many forms. These include Chemical energy (in many metabolic products), electrical energy (in brain and nerve activities), mechanical energy (in muscle contraction), and thermal energy to maintain body temperature

Chemical energy (in many metabolic products), electrical energy (in brain and nerve activities), mechanical energy (in muscle contraction), and thermal energy to maintain body temperature.

Voluntary work includes all actions related to a persons conscious activities of daily living and phy

all actions related to a person’s conscious activities of daily living and physical activity. While we would think we’d burn more calories by doing this, this is not the case

How do we refer to energy found in food and expended?

as a calorie. but in human nutrition, it is referred to as a kilocalorie (1000 calories), the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius.

Throughout times of fasting (ie, during sleep or starvation), the body pulls from reserves. These are glycogen (12-24 hour reserves in liver and muscle in well-nourished person. Storage maintains normal glucose during sleep. Breakfast restores these supplies). Adipose tissue (varies person to person, but generally unlimited amount of energy. Preferred). Muscle mass (NOT preferable, only during longer term)

Glycogen (12-24 hour reserves in liver and muscle in well-nourished person. storage maintains normal glucose during sleep. breakfast restores these supplies)

adipose tissue (varies person to person, but generally unlimited amount of energy. Preferred)

muscle mass (not preferable, only during longer term)

Metabolism is the sum of the total chemical changes that occur during normal bodily functions, regulation of body temperatures, and the processes of tissue growth and repair

the sum of the total chemical changes that occur during normal bodily functions, regulation of body temperatures, and the processes of tissue growth and repair (elaborate?)

what 3 demands for energy determine the body’s total energy requirements?

Basal Energy Expenditure (sum of all internal activities at complete rest, expressed in kcal per day)

Physical Activity

Thermic Effect of Food

REE is how much higher than BEE?

10%

what does anthropometric mean?

physical measurements of the human body that are used for health assessment. Include height, weight, and body composition

The thermic effect of food is the increase in energy expenditure caused by the activities of digestion, absorption, transport, and metabolism

increase in energy expenditure caused by the activities of digestion, absorption, transport, and metabolism of ingested food. ie, a meal that consists of usual mixtures carbs, protein, and fat increases the energy expenditure equivalent to approximately 10% of the food’s energy content. Ie, a 300 kcal piece of pizza would elicit an energy expenditure of 30 kcal to digest the food. Ie, 5-10% of the calories from food will be used to digest that food)

the combined weight of the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys is only about 5-7% of the total body weight. However, they are highly active and account for up to how much of the body’s REE?

80%

elaborate on thyroxine being an iodine dependent prohormone, being a major controller of basal metabolic rate. and T3 being the active form

Synthroid is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. why do providers suggest patients take synthroid 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal?

it maximizes absorption

what are some medications that may interfere with levothyroxine absorption?

antacids, beta blockers, bile acid sequestrants, ciprofloxacin, orlistat, phosphate binders, proton pump inhibitors, ralofixene, simethicone, tricyclic antidepressants

What are some dietary supplements that may interfere with levothyroxine absorption?

calcium, iron, and chromium picolanate

What are some food or nutrients that may interfere with levothyroxine absorption?

milk, soy, papaya fiber, coffee, grape juice

what disorders may interfere with levothyroxine absorption?

celiac disease, h. pylori infection, bowel resection, inflammatory bowel disease, hypochlorhydria, chronic gastritis, motility disorders. These all affect the absorptive ability of the digestive system and consequently interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine.

What does TEE include?

energy needs for BEE, his or her physical activity, and the thermic effects of food.

what is the international unit for energy?

joule

most kilocalorie comes from which macro category?

carb