HCC A&P 1 Departmental Final Review

What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?

receptors

Plasma membranes are ________, which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.

selectively permeable

In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

active transport

Which of the following transport process uses secretory vesicles formed in Golgi complex to release their contents out of the cell membrane into the extracellular space?

exocytosis

Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a ________, which is a whip-like structure that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte.

flagellum

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles modifies, sorts, and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell?

Golgi complex

The major function of mitochondria is to

generate ATP.

This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation.

tRNA

During this phase of cell division, the centromeres split leading to separation and subsequent migration of the two members of a chromatid pair to opposite poles of the cells. The cleavage furrow also begins to develop during this phase.

interphase

Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane? a) concentration gradient of the chemical across the membrane

b) mass of the diffusing chemical

c) distance that the chemical has to diffuse

d) amount of ATP available

e) temperature

amount of ATP available

A patient would be infused with a _______ solution in order to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain.

hypertonic

What other organelle besides the nucleus contain DNA?

mitochondrion

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver?

peroxisomes

During this phase of cell division, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins

interphase

Mitosis is:

produces two identical cells

Phagocytosis is the mechanism of action of this cell of the immune system to protect from microbes:

Macrophages

The three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are

protons, neutrons, and electrons.

This is the name given to a positively charged atom.

cation

This type of chemical reaction will release more energy than it absorbs.

exergonic

An enzyme acts to

lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.

The human blood is

alkaline.

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells?

glycogen

Which of the following is the major function of DNA?

long-term storage of information for protein synthesis

Loss of protein structure as in fried eggs is called:

denaturation.

Na + Cl → Nacl is a general example of a(n) _____ reaction.

synthesis

The basic units of nucleic acids are nucleotides, composed of

nitrogenous base, phosphate, pentose sugar

This is the study of the body structures

anatomy

This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

metabolism

The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the

nervous and endocrine systems.

The composition of this body fluid, which fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues.

interstitial fluid

This is the structure of a feedback system that sends input to the control center.

stimulus

Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as

symptoms

This plane divides the body into equal right and left portions.

sagittal

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the groin?

inguinal

Which of the following is a safe non-invasive imaging technique that uses the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of body tissues to visualize a fetus during pregnancy?

ultrasound scanning

Which of these regions contains the gall bladder?

Right hypochondriac

Epithelial tissue

is used as a covering of body surfaces, is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs, is used to form glands, usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment **e) All of these answer choices are correct.

This type of epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

a) Bone

b) Blood

c) Cartilage

d) Tendons

e) Muscle

Muscle

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of this type of connective tissue.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which following types of cells are able to produce electrical signals?

myofibers and neurons

Which of the following is a term used to describe a decrease in the size of a tissue that is the result of an decrease in the size, not number, of cells in that tissue?

atrophy

These cells found distributed among different types of connective tissue that produce collagen fibers are called

fibroblasts.

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithelial tissues?

Large amount of extracellular matrix.

The thin extracellular layer, consisting of the basal and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the

basement membrane.

These type of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and keeps material from leaking out of the stomach:

tight junctions

In which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells?

Lining of the urinary bladder

This type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands.

Simple coiled tubular gland

This type of exocrine gland bud their secretion off the plasma membrane such as mammilary glands.

apocrine

Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue?

Areolar connective tissue

Which of the following types of tissues is striated and moves under voluntary control?

skeletal muscle

Mucus-secreting cells found distributed among the simple columnar epithelial linings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory system are called

goblet cells.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of

protein fibers and ground substance.

Which of the following types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Collagen

A neuron's function is:

conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers

This muscle is an example of nonstriated involuntary muscle

stomach

Electrical signals called ________ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called ___________ that are then used to communicate with other cells.

action potentials; neurotransmitters

Langerhans cell

participate in immune response against microbes

This pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light.

Melanin

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ________ of the epidermis.

stratum corneum

Which of the following structures found in the skin help prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?

Oil glands

Which of the following substances is responsible for the yellowing of the skin

jaundice

You stepped on a nail. List the sequential layers (or strata) of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis.

corneum, lucidum, granulosom, spinosum, basale

The skin contributes to:

Regulation of body temperature, Sensory perceptions, It also serves as an important reservoir of blood.

The process of keratinization involves

cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin.

Characteristics of thick skin include:

Found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips, Does not contain hair follicles, Contains more sweat glands than thin skin, Contain epidermal ridges. **e) All of these choices are correct

This is fine nonpigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus.

Lanugo

This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle.

Sebaceous gland

Which of the following terms refers to redness of the skin such as seen in patients with inflammation, infection or heat exposure?

erythema

Which of the following skin disorders involves inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria which thrive in the lipid-rich sebum?

acne

"Goose bumps" are caused by

contraction of arrector pili muscles.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of thin skin?

Presence of sebaceous glands.

Which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop from?

Ectoderm

Which of the following about the deep wound healing is NOT true ?

This process is limited by the epithelium

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

body support, calcium homeostasis, protection of internal organs, blood cell protection ***ALL OF THE ABOVE

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints.

Articular cartilage

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

canaliculi

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

The superficial membrane of a bone is called the

periosteum

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

epiphyseal plate

Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell?

c) osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts

Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called

C) osteoblasts.

84) This type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children.

greenstick

85) An increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones?

b) calcitonin and calcitriol

86) The general process by which bones form is called

ossification

87) These are considered bone-breaking cells.

osteoclasts

88) Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

a) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

89) The process of new bone tissue formation.

ossification

90) The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called

remodeling

91) What is the correct sequence of steps in bone repair?

1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone.

2. A hematoma occurs.

3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury.

4. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bone at the site of repair.

2,3,1,4

93) Hundreds of years ago, explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented?

C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C.

94) Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?

provides an attachment for muscles that move the appendicular skeleton, provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk, provides an attachment for muscles involved in respiration, provides protection for the brain and spinal cord

**all of the answers are correct.

92) A lack of exercise could

C) result in porous and weak bones.

95) The external auditory meatus is located in which bone?

temporal

96) The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of processes from which two bones?

temporal and zygomatic

97) Which of these is not one of the facial bones?

frontal

98) The keystone of the skull bone is the

sphenoid

99) Premature closure of the sagittal suture would result in

a long and narrow head

100) Your friend Greg is hit in the jaw and when looking at him, his face looks misaligned. You immediately take him to the emergency room and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken

mandible