Q4 | GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (copy)

It is the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Molality

It is the concentration of a solution expressed in the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.

Molarity

Increasing the solute of the solution _____ the boiling point elevation of a solvent.

Increases

Molality: kilogram of solvent :: Molarity: ____

Per liter of solution

Molality (m) = _______ / kilograms of solvent.

Moles of solute

This refers to the increase in the boiling point of a solvent when a non-volatile solute is added to it.

Boiling point elevation

Boiling point elevation is _______- proportional to the molality of the solution.

Directly

When a solute is added to a solvent, it disrupts the equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases, resulting in a ________ in vapor pressure.

Decrease

is a measure of concentration that takes into account the number of equivalents of solute present in a solution.

Normality

Normality for acids and bases is calculated based on the number of their:
Acids: ________
Bases: ________

Hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-)

What is the formula for calculating normality for acids and bases?

Normality (N) = (moles of solute * equivalent weight) / liters of solution

What is done when you wish to add additional solvent and mix it with a given volume of solution, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of the solute per unit volume?

Dilution

This us the ability of substances that do not readily vaporize or evaporate at normal temperatures

Non-Volatile

How does changing solution volume affect molarity?

Inversely

Molarity can change with temperature due to changes in volume, while molality remains constant because?

Molality is based on the mass of the solvent

Molarity can change with temperature due to changes in volume. What changes in the volume when heated?

Volume increases when heated

How do you solve for the number of equivalents?

#Eq = Mass / Equivalent Weight

What does n represent in calculating for the Equivalent Weight of a solute in a solution?

Total positive oxidation number of solute.

How do you solve for the equivalent weight of a solute?

Eq wt = Molar Mass of Solute / n

These are physical properties of solutions that depend solely on the number of solute particles in the solution, regardless of the nature of the solute.

Colligative Properties

Basic GENCHEM

Yes

It is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere, causing the liquid to rapidly vaporize and form bubbles throughout the liquid.

Boiling Point

What is the relationship between boiling point elevation and the concentration of the solute?

Directly proportional

How can you calculate the change in boiling point due to boiling point elevation?

ΔT_b = K_bm

What does K_b mean in calculating for the change in boiling point?

Molal boiling point elevation constant

A high Molal boiling point elevation constant indicates a ______ boiling point?

High - Direct proportionality

What is the freezing point of liquid water?

0 deg Celsius or 32 deg Fahrenheit

How does salt lower the freezing point of water on icy roads?

Salt dissolves in water to form ions, which disrupt the orderly arrangement of water molecules

Water has the same Freezing and Boiling Point in ____ and ____ phases.

Liquid and Solid

The unit for Molal boiling point elevation constant (K_b ) is what?

Deg Celsius/Molal or °C/m

What’s the formula for getting the boiling point of a solution?

BP_SOLUTION= BP_{PURE SOLVENT} + ΔT_b

This occurs as the presence of solute particles disrupts the ordered arrangement of solvent molecules in the solid phase, making it more difficult for the solvent to freeze.

• Particles no longer have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome interparticle attractive forces

Freezing point depression

The freezing point of a solution is always lower than that of the pure solvent, while the melting point of the solution is ________ than that of the pure solvent.

Higher

Van’t Hoff factor in the formula for getting the freezing point depression of a solution simply means?

Total number of ions in a given ionic compound.

What is the Van’t Hoff factor (i) for the compound NaCl?

i = 2

The unit for Molal freezing point depression constant (K_f ) is what?

Deg Celsius/Molal or °C/m

What is the formula for getting the freezing point depression?

ΔT_f = i K_fm

Why does adding solute to a solvent result in freezing point depression?

Solute particles disrupts the orderly arrangement of solvent molecules in the solid phase

The colligative property that describes the decrease in vapor pressure of a solvent when a non-volatile solute is added to it.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

How does the presence of a solute affect the vapor pressure of a solvent?

It decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent

It is the movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

Osmosis

In freezing point depression, heat is transferred from the surroundings to the system as the solvent absorbs energy to overcome the disruptive effects of the solute particles on the formation of the solid phase. This results in a decrease in the internal energy of the system, contributing to the lowering of the freezing point. What law of Thermodynamics does this exhibit?

First law of thermodynamics - energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form

The transfer of energy between a chemical  reaction system and its surroundings occurs  through ___ or ___.

Work or heat

It refers to energy contained within the system.​

Internal energy (U)

What is transferred between the system (the solvent and solute) and the surroundings according to the first law of thermodynamics?

Heat

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the sum of the heat added to a system (q) and the work done by or on the system (W) is equal to what?

ΔU = Change in Internal Energy of the system

According to the first law of Thermodynamics,

The internal energy of a system  can be changed by ​

(1) heating the  system, or​

(2) by doing work on it,  ​

(3) ___________

By adding or taking away matter.​