HSC202 - mods 9-13

final

anatomy of the respiratory system

• upper respiratory tract: Nose/Mouth → pharynx/larynx → through glottis

• lower respiratory tract: trachea→ main bronchi→ bronchioles → alveoli

function of the respiratory system

• Provides O2 to blood through inhalation & diffusion (active)

• Removes CO2 from blood through diffusion & exhalation (mostly passive)

ventilation

• Mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs

• inhalation/expiration (breathing)

respiration

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism

role of diaphragm in inhalation

it contracts and moves downward, increasing the space in the chest cavity

role of diaphragm in expiration

relaxes and returns to its dome shape, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity

accessory muscles of inhalation

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, and latissimus dorsi. 

accessory muscles of expiration

abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, serratus posterior inferior. 

cystic fibrosis

condition of fibrous bladders (dense mucus that obstructs airways)

dusty lung

Pneumonoconiosis (smoke in the lungs)

medication used to vasodilate the arteries/vessels

• ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers

• Direct vasodilators like hydralazine, minoxidil, and nitroglycerin also relax blood vessels

chemical breakdown of food

1.     food enters small intestines where enzymes from pancreas liver and intestines

1.     villi and microvilli function to collect the molecules (absorb nutrients)

2.     fiber not absorbed is considered waste

3.     large intestines reabsorb salt and water

mechanical breakdown of food

the chewing of food

peristalsis

• what food moves primarily through

• smooth muscle

what is GERD?

• chronic heartburn

• gastroesophageal reflux disorder

• 20% of the population experiences it

function of the pancreas, liver, intestines (in digestion)

further breaks down food molecules by acids and enzymes

human microbiome

refers to all micro-organisms on or within your body (organs, glands, lungs, biliary tract, GI tract, skin, etc)

microflora

• found in your gut

• It can take your gut flora up to a year to fully repopulate itself after just one course of antibiotics

jaundice

• Sign of liver disease

• Liver normally removes bile from the blood

  → When this doesn’t occur, accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream causes yellowing

• Yellowing of sclerae = icterus

cleft lip/palate

• Congenital defect sometimes associated with inherited genetic conditions or poor prenatal nutrition

• Opening or splits in the lip, bones supporting the palate (roof of mouth).

• Failure of the bony structure to fuse together, leaving a space in the mouth and nasal cavity

• most common in Asia

what is a sign of vitamin B deficiency ?

sublingual tongue

• Meds absorbed quickly in the blood stream

• Can also be used to treat angina pectoris, migraines, nausea/vomiting,

An enlarged abdomen is a sign of the dysfunction of what organ?

the liver

Gastrodynia

Condition of pain in the stomach

nausea

feeling as if you may vomit

diarrhea

very loose stool

flatulence

passing gas

dysentery

• Difficult intestine

• common but potentially serious term to describe a large class of GI infections

urinalysis

a broad-spectrum laboratory urine analysis

bacteriuria

bacteria in urine

endoscopy

visual examination of a cavity, usually esophagus and stomach via a small camera known as an endoscope

endoscope

instrument used to perform an endoscopy

crohns disease/enteritis

• an idiopathic

• Pertaining to individual disease

• Develops without known cause

diverticulosis

non-inflamed diverticula or pouches within the colon

celiac disease

an immune reaction in the GI tract due to the ingestion of gluten

colonoscopy

a visual examination of the large intestine with a camera connected to a scope

lower GI series (barium enema)

a medical procedure used to examine and diagnose problems with the colon

documentation timeline

cephalalgia

headache

hyperalgesia

Excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli

paresthesia

Numbness and tingling caused by nerve injury (funny bone)

syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness/posture (fainting)

cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

rhinitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the nasal cavity

enuresis

Involuntary release of urine

NSAIDS

aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), naproxen (Aleve)

orthostatic hypotension (how do you know?)

low blood pressure and lightheadedness when standing up

cyanosis

Blue tinge of color to an area of the skin

edema

Greek word for “swelling”

pallor

Latin word for “paleness”

ex- prefix

outside, away from

poly- prefix

excessive, over, many

para- prefix

alongside, abnormal

endo- prefix

within

-uria suffix

pertaining to urine, urination

-megaly suffix

abnormally large

-penia suffix

abnormal reduction in number, deficiency

-ectomy suffix

surgical excision, removal

-oma suffix

tumor

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

hyposecretion

where a gland or organ produces an abnormally low amount of a secretion or hormone

hypersecretion

excessive production and release of a substance, often a hormone or mucus, by the body

anatomy of the endocrine system

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes

Adrenal disorders: Cushing syndrome

• Excessive activity of the adrenal gland

• Secretion of hormone - cortisol

  → Hypertension

  → Bone loss

  → Sometimes Type 2 Diabetes

• caused by: tumor and Prolonged steroid medication

Adrenal disorders: Addison disease

• Reduced secretion of cortisol hormone

  → Hypotension (vascular collapse)

• causes: Tumor of pituitary gland, Damage to the adrenal gland

• left untreated can lead to: Not enough activity of the adrenal cortex, anemia, skin color change

Pancreatic disorders: Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

• type 1 (insulin dependent)

  → Childhood

  → Less common

  → Deficiency of insulin production by the cells of the pancreas (Body’s immune system destroys cells that make insulin)

  → Hormone replacement therapy (insulin)

• type 2 (insulin resistance)

  → Adult onset

  → Associated with obesity

  → Cells are resistant to insulin

  → Anti-diabetic drugs, diet, exercise

Pancreatic disorders: Hypoglycemia

Excessive insulin that can lead to low blood sugar

Pancreatic disorders: pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancrea

thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism

• Reduced activity of the thyroid gland

• Hashimoto’s Disease

  → Autoimmune disease-Immune system attacks the thyroid gland

• SYMPTOMS: Bradycardia, Dry skin, Weight gain, Constipation, Lethargy

thyroid disorders: hyperthyroidism

• Excessive activity of the thyroid gland

• Graves Disease

  → Autoimmune disease

• SYMPTOMS: Exophthalmos (away from the eyes), Goiter, Tachycardia, Weight loss, Tremor

Pituitary disorders: Diabetes Insipidus

• hyposecretions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia

parathyroid disorder: hyperparathyroidism

• Mostly caused by parathyroidoma

• High levels of PTH levels resulting in hypercalcemia

• Muscular weakness, atrophy, fatigue

• Kidney stones

• Can lead to softening of the bones

  → Osteomalacia

• Can lead to bone fractures

  → Osteopenia low bone mineral density

  → Osteoporosis

• Treatment: parathyroidectomy

parathyroid disorder: hypoparathyroidism

• Low PTH levels resulting in hypocalcemia

• Mostly caused from neck surgeries

• Muscle cramps of the back and legs (spasms)

• Dry hair, skin

• Treatment: Calcium and Vitamin D supplements

• If not treated can lead to respiratory arrest

Pituitary disorders: pituitary dwarfism

abnormal secretion of growth hormone

Pituitary disorders: hypogonadism

hyposecretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH)

pnea

breath

phonia

condition of sound or voice

asphyxia

choking (cannot breathe)

anoxia

without oxygen / not exchanging the gas

hypoxemia

low oxygen levels in the blood

hypoxia

low oxygen in the body

cheyne-strokes respiration

breathing pattern characterized by alternating periods of hyperventilation with periods of shallow, slow breathing

diuresis

Temporary increased urination

polyuria

Chronic production of large amounts of urine

dysuria

Difficulty or pain during urination

ectomy

surgical excision, removal

stomy

opening or hole

MI

myocardial infarction

TIA

Transient Ischemic Attack

PMH

past medical history

HPI

History of Present Illness

TKR

total knee replacement

Htn

hypertension

CHF

congestive heart failure

Stat

immediately

r/o

rule out

UTI

urinary tract infection

CA

cardiac arrest

DM

Diabetes Mellitus

DI

Diabetes Insipidus

PUPD

polyuria and polydipsia