APUSH Unit 6 IDs | Quizlet

14th Amendment

This law granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including formerly enslaved people, and provided equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist terrorist organization founded in 1866 to intimidate African Americans and white Republicans in the South through violence and voter suppression.

Force Acts 1870 & 1871

Laws passed to combat the Ku Klux Klan and protect African Americans' voting rights by allowing federal intervention in cases of voter intimidation.

Redeemer South/Solid South

A political movement that sought to restore conservative rule and undo Reconstruction policies in the southern states. It led to a long period of one-party dominance in the region.

Alaska

A vast northern territory purchased from Russia in 1867, initially criticized as a wasteful acquisition. It later proved valuable due to its natural resources.

William Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; negotiated the purchase of Alaska and advocated for U.S. expansion.

Civil Rights Bill 1866

A law designed to protect formerly enslaved individuals by granting them citizenship and equal legal rights. It was an early attempt to combat discriminatory state laws.

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War under Lincoln and Johnson; his dismissal by Johnson led to Johnson's impeachment under the Tenure of Office Act.

Carpetbagger

A term used to describe individuals from the North who moved to the South after the Civil War to participate in Reconstruction.

Scalawags

Southern individuals who supported Reconstruction efforts and aligned with the Republican Party.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

A political tactic used to remind voters of wartime sacrifices and portray opponents as traitors. It was commonly employed to gain electoral support, mainly by the Republican Party.

Ulysses S. Grant as President

A president who led the nation during a time of Reconstruction and economic expansion. His administration faced numerous corruption scandals, such as the Credit Mobilier Ring & Whiskey Ring.

Booker T. Washington

An influential leader who promoted economic self-reliance and vocational education for formerly enslaved individuals. He advocated for gradual social change through personal improvement, even founding an African-American institution.

Tuskegee Institute

An educational institution founded to provide vocational training for African Americans. It became a model for industrial education in the South.

Tenant Farming or Sharecropping

An agricultural system in which landowners provided land and resources in exchange for a portion of the harvest. It often led to cycles of debt and economic dependency.

Tweed Ring

A network of corrupt politicians in New York City that controlled finances and engaged in widespread graft. It was exposed by Thomas Nast for embezzling massive public funds.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

A financial scandal involving fraudulent contracts and bribery linked to railroad construction. It implicated high-ranking politicians and exposed corruption.

Gilded Age

A period of rapid industrialization and economic growth marked by extreme wealth and deep social inequalities. It was characterized by both innovation and political corruption.

Rutherford B. Hayes

A leader whose election was decided by a disputed compromise that ended military oversight in the South. His administration focused on civil service reform.

Mark Twain

A writer known for his satirical critiques of society and portrayals of American life, coined the term "Gilded Age".

Patronage

A system in which political supporters were rewarded with government jobs, often leading to inefficiency and corruption.

Pendleton Act 1883

A law that introduced merit-based hiring for government positions, reducing corruption by limiting political appointments.

1877 Compromise

An informal agreement that resolved a contested presidential election by withdrawing federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.

Jim Crow

A system of discriminatory laws and practices that enforced racial segregation, severely limiting rights and opportunities for African Americans.

Literacy Test

A voting restriction requiring individuals to demonstrate reading ability.

Poll Tax

A voting restriction where a monetary fee was imposed on voters as a prerequisite for casting a ballot, affecting low-income and minority citizens.

Grandfather Clause

A rule that allowed those whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to bypass literacy tests and poll taxes, effectively excluding Black voters.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

A law that restricted immigration from China, the first major policy to ban an entire ethnic group from entering the nation.

Laissez-Faire Policies

An economic approach promoting minimal government intervention in business affairs, encouraging free-market competition and industrial expansion.

Battle of Little Bighorn

A conflict where Indigenous warriors defeated federal troops attempting to force them onto reservations, symbolizing resistance against westward expansion. Also known as "Custer's Last Stand".

James Garfield

A leader who sought to reform government hiring practices against the patronage system before being assassinated, leading to calls for civil service reforms.

Americanization

A process aimed at assimilating immigrants & Native Americans into mainstream culture, emphasizing learning the language, customs, and values of the dominant society.

Middle Class

A social group that emerged due to industrial growth, consisting of professionals and skilled workers, often seeking education and homeownership.

Transcontinental Railroads

Transportation networks connecting the eastern and western regions of the country, facilitating economic growth and migration.

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

A law aimed at regulating unfair business practices in transportation to prevent monopolistic pricing, but ultimately ineffective.

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls all stages of production, allowing for greater efficiency and cost savings.

Horizontal Integration

A business tactic involving acquiring competitors to dominate a market, often leading to monopolies and reduced competition.

Trust

A financial arrangement where multiple companies are managed collectively to limit competition, frequently used to create industry dominance.

Andrew Carnegie

An industrialist who built a fortune in the steel industry through vertical integration and later became a philanthropist promoting education & "Gospel of Wealth".

John D. Rockefeller

A business leader who established a powerful oil empire through horizontal integration, using aggressive strategies to consolidate control.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A transportation magnate who expanded railway networks, also referred to as "The Commodore".

J.P. Morgan

A financier who played a key role in banking and corporate mergers, known for buying Carnegie Steel.

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

A law designed to limit monopolistic business practices and trusts. It was one of the first attempts to regulate large corporations.

Mining, Farming, and Ranching

Economic activities that shaped frontier development and were known as the '3 Frontiers'. They contributed to population growth and resource exploitation.

American Indians

Indigenous peoples who faced displacement and cultural suppression due to expansion policies. Their land and traditions were significantly impacted by government actions.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

A policy aimed at dissolving communal land ownership among Indigenous groups. It promoted individual land ownership to encourage assimilation.

Ghost Dance Movement (1890)

A spiritual revival that sought to restore lost traditions and resist colonial pressures. It was viewed as a threat by federal authorities.

Wounded Knee (1890)

A violent confrontation that resulted in the massacre of Sioux men, women, and children. It marked the end of major resistance against federal control.

Social Darwinism

A belief that economic and social success was determined by survival of the fittest. It was used to justify inequality and limited government intervention.

Social Gospel

A movement that applied religious principles to address social injustices. It emphasized helping the poor and improving living conditions.

Grover Cleveland

A leader known for advocating low tariffs and limited government involvement in the economy. He served two non-consecutive terms.

Pullman Palace Car Strike

A major railroad strike against wage cuts and high rents in company-owned housing. It led to federal intervention and violent clashes.

Gospel of Wealth

A philosophy by Carnegie that encouraged wealthy individuals to use their fortunes for social good. It promoted philanthropy and public service.

Jane Addams

A reformer who worked to improve urban living conditions. She established the Hull House to assist the poor.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

A legal case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.' It legitimized discriminatory laws for decades.

Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis

A historical argument that emphasized the role of frontier expansion in shaping national identity. It highlighted the impact of westward movement.

Homestead Steel Strike 1892

A violent labor dispute at a major steel plant that resulted in clashes between workers and private security forces.

National Labor Union 1866

The first nationwide labor group that advocated for workers' rights, including an eight-hour workday. It included only skilled workers.

Knights of Labor 1869

A labor group that aimed to unite workers (skilled & unskilled) across industries to push for better wages and working conditions. It declined after being associated with violent strikes & anarchy.

Samuel Gompers

A labor leader who focused on achieving practical economic gains for workers. He emphasized collective bargaining and the formation of trade unions, founding the American Federation of Labor in 1886.

Haymarket Square Riot 1886

A labor protest that turned violent when a bomb exploded, leading to deaths and a crackdown on labor movements. It intensified fears of radicalism & anarchy.

Eugene Debs

A union leader who advocated for workers' rights and later became a key figure in socialist/communist politics. He was imprisoned for organizing major strikes.

American Railway Union

A labor organization that represented railroad workers and participated in major strikes.

American Federation of Labor 1886

A national labor organization that focused on skilled workers and prioritized practical workplace improvements. It became a dominant force in labor politics, and it is still around to this day.

Closed Shop

A labor policy requiring employees to be part of a union before being hired. It strengthened union influence in certain industries.

Open Shop

A workplace policy allowing individuals to work without being required to join a union. It weakened labor organizations and collective bargaining efforts.