AP World History Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States.

Industrialization

The change to industrial methods of production such as the use of factories.

Cotton Industry

is a factory housing powered spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton, an important product during the Industrial Revolution when the early mills were important in the development of the factory system.

Enclosure Movement

During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.

Crop Rotation

The practice of growing different crops in succession on the same land chiefly to preserve the productive capacity of the soil.

Selective Breeding

The process of choosing a breeding stock of an animal based on specific traits that a breeder wants to reproduce in the offspring.

Animal Husbandry

the science of breeding and caring for farm animals

Factors of Production

is an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.

Jethro Tull

British farmer and inventor, created the mechanical seed drill to aid in planting.

Richard Arkwright

was an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

James Hargreaves

was a weaver, carpenter and inventor in Lancashire, England. He was one of three inventors responsible for mechanizing spinning.

John Kay

was the inventor of the flying shuttle, which was a key contribution to the Industrial Revolution. He is often confused with his namesake, who built the first "spinning frame".

James Watt

(1736-1819) Improved upon Newcomen's steam engine. Watt's steam engine would be the power source of the Industrial Revolution.

Eli Whitney

was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

Robert Fulton

was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Clermont

Factory System

The system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments —contrasted with domestic system.

Industrial Capitalism

An economic and political system characterized by a free market for goods and services and private control of production and consumption. (Compare socialism and communism.)

Proletariat

Term given to the working class people in society.

Bourgeoisie

Term given to the middle class people in society

Entrepreneur

person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so

Adam Smith

British philosopher, writer, and economist. His book, The Wealth of Nations, describes his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Laissez-faire

This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution.

Thomas Malthus

British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Malthus' population theories were outlined in his book, "An Essay on the Principle of Population", first published in 1798.

David Ricardo

was a classical economist known for his Iron Law of Wages, labor theory of value, theory of comparative advantage and theory of rents. David Ricardo and several other economists also simultaneously and independently discovered the law of diminishing marginal returns.

Iron Law of Wages

is a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. The theory was first named by Ferdinand Lassalle in the mid-nineteenth century.

Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens was an English Victorian era author who wrote about the hard labor and living situations during the Industrial Revolution.

Michael Sadler

the chairman of a UK Parliamentary committee who wrote the Report of the Select Committee on Factory Children's Labour

Factory Acts

the Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories. Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible. The basic act was as follows: no child workers under nine years of age.

Combination Laws

prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers

Labor Movement

an organized effort on the part of workers to improve their economic and social status by united action through the medium of labor unions

Unions

an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor union.

Means of Production

(especially in a political context) the facilities and resources for producing goods.

Capitalism

An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand

Socialism

A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.

Utopian Socialism

socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people.

Robert Owen

was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

Karl Marx

1818-1883), German political philosopher and writer. Coauthor with Friedrich Engels of The Communist Manifesto which described the new philosophy of scientific socialism, which is the basis for modern communism

Friedrich Engels

German socialist and co-author of The Communist Manifesto

Class Struggle

in Marxist ideology) the conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a capitalist society, regarded as inevitably violent.

Dictatorship of Proletariat

In Marxist sociopolitical thought, the dictatorship of the proletariat refers to a state in which the proletariat, or the working class, has control of political power.

Reform Bill of 1832

providing for an increase in the number of voters in elections for the House of Commons, especially the bill of 1832 by which many rotten boroughs were disfranchised

Reform Bill of 1867

Workshops Regulation Act- This extended laws to workshops employing fewer than 50 persons. No child under 8 was to be employed in any workshop.

Reform Bill of 1884

In the United Kingdom, the Representation of the People Act 1884 and the Redistribution Act of the following year were laws which further extended the suffrage in Britain after the Derby Government's Reform Act 1867.

Social Effects of Industrialization

increase in child and adult factory workers; rise in luddites; growth of slavery growth of cities

Urbanization

The movement of people to urban areas in search of work