Infection and Exposure Control PPT

ch 5,6,7

Whats a communicable disease?

(contagious) any disease transmitted from one person or animal to another. Direct: from excreta or other bodily discharges. Indirect: from substances or inanimate objects (contaminated drinking glasses, water, insects, or toys).

whats an infection?

a state caused by the invasion, development, or multiplication of an infectious agent into the body

what kind of disease is caries?

communicable

what bancteria causes caries?

streptococcus mutans

what is cross contamination?

Spread of microorganisms from one source to another:​ person to person, or person to an inanimate object and​ then to another person

What in the oral cavity provides some protection against infection?

Intact mucous membrane of the oral cavity provides​ some protection against infection

High counts of total microorganisms are found in dental​biofilm, periodontal pockets, and carious lesions

True or false?

True

what is proactive to do to prevent cross contamination?

Recognition of possible transfer of transmissible diseases provides the basis for planning a system of disinfection, sterilization, and management of instruments, equipment, and environment.

direct transmission

Saliva and microorganisms directly passed from one person to another ex. kissing

indirect transmission

microorganisms passed through a secondary object ex. sharing drinks

what is standard precautions

Represent a standard of care whereby universal application of precautions in the treatment of all clients apply, regardless of the individual or the client's infectious disease status

what are standard precautions applied to?

all patients and apply to contact with blood, saliva, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions (except sweat), regardless of whether they contain blood.

Nonintact (broken) skin.

Mucous membranes.

when are transmission based precautions meant to be used?

are to be used in addition to standard precautions when a patient has or is suspected of having a disease that can spread through contact, droplet, or airborne routes (includes these transmissions)

droplet precautions (transmissible)

Respiratory or mucous membrane contact transmitted through airborne droplets (sneezing,coughing)

contact precautions (transmissible)

Reduce risk of transmission of organisms and specific diseases by direct skin or indirect contact.​

Examples: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

airborne precautions (transmissible)

Reduce risk of airborne transmission of infectious agents by droplet nuclei

sharps precautions (transmissible)

Reduce risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission and infection by percutaneous sharps injury.​

Examples: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV)

what is the order of intervention break chain of disease transmission (reviews breaks in chains with picture)

infectious agent, reservoir, port of exit, transmission, port of entry, and susceptible host

prevention of transmission

-airborne infection can be controlled

-pre-procedural oral hygiene measures (antiseptic/microbial mouthwash)

-interruption of transmission

-clean water

-protection of the clinician

-protection of the patient

-maintain infection control protocols

why cant hygienists treat active infection of tuberculosis

because its an airborne infection and can be a danger to clinician and others in the dental setting

why are droplet nuclei dangerous?

are small enough to pass through over 95% bacterial filtration efficiency required of standard​ surgical masks, and may remain suspended in the air for hours. Standard precautions may be insufficient​ to protect the DHCP from transmission of TB in the healthcare setting

Patients with symptoms or history suggestive of  active TB are NOT Treated, and are referred immediately for medical evaluation

True or False?

True

why do clinicians not treat patients with active herpes?

because it could be transmissible to the clinician and other patients

how would you teach the patient in a clinic setting why you cannot treat them if they have active herpes and what to do when they have active lesions?

-postpone appointment

-explain the contagious nature/stage of disease (prodromal stage)

-dont share saliva, utensils, food, drink, or lip products

-stress meticulous hygiene, limit touching lesion to prevent spread to other areas

-autoinfection can reoccur from products used during infections ex. ointments, chapstick

What is herpetic whitlow?

virus invades finger where percutaneous membrane is not intact

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?

typically has a prodrome of 2-4 days, and consists of fever, malaise, headaches ,mouth ulcers, dry mouth and red, swollen or painful gums

Latent herpetic gingivostomatitis?

virus's lifelong, dormant state after the primary infection, where it remains inactive in nerve cells (sensory ganglia) but can periodically reactivate and cause recurrent, milder outbreaks of blisters

_____ is the most likely oncogenic HPV to progress to cancer and is attributed to 95% of head and neck cancers, sexually transmitted, causes cells to mutate.

HPV-16

What is HPV-16

a type of virus that can infect the genital area. It is one of the most common types of high-risk HPV, which means it has a higher likelihood of causing cancer

seroconversion

development of specific antibodies in the blood as a result of an infection or immunization

Herpes virus 8

aka Kaposi’s Sarcoma and often present with HIV, purple palatal lesion present clinically, considered to be sexually transmitted oral mucosa and saliva are the primary sites of viral shedding and infection transmission

why do we use masks?

because particles 1–5 μm can remain suspended for hours and​ can be inhaled directly

whats the most effective defense for eye protection?

protective eyewear

whats an ultrasonic processor do?

removes debris from instruments using acoustic energy waves transmitted in liquid disrupting the attachment of debris from an object

how is chemical indicator tape used?

change of color on the indicator confirms the autoclave reached a designated temperature required for penetration. This is not a conformation of sterilization but an indication the device has been processed.

how are instrument packages stored?

Packages are kept completely sealed until unwrapped in front of the patient.

how should the instrument processing area be divided?

1-receiving, cleaning, and decontamination

2-preparation and packaging

3-sterilization

4-storage

Chemical indicators (no matter what class or type) do not verify sterility and do not replace the need for weekly spore testing

True or false?

True

Mechanical and chemical indicators do not guarantee sterilization; however, they help detect procedural errors (e.g., overloaded sterilizer, incorrect packaging) and equipment malfunctions. Mechanical and chemical monitoring should be done for every sterilizer load

True or false?

True

biological indicator

or spore tests, are the most accepted means of monitoring sterilization because they assess the sterilization process directly by killing known highly resistant microorganisms

mechanical indicator

a system within a sterilizer that tracks and displays the critical parameters of a sterilization cycle, including time, temperature, and pressure (and steam is using that sterilizer)

Chemical indicators (no matter what class or type) do not verify sterility and do not replace the need for weekly spore testing.

True or false?

True

chemical indicator

sed inside every package to verify that the sterilizing agent has penetrated the package and reached the instruments inside. If the internal chemical indicator is not visible from the outside of the package, an external indicator should also be used.

mechanical monitoring involves?

checking the sterilizer gauges, computer displays, or printouts, and documenting in your sterilization records that pressure, temperature, and exposure time have reached the levels recommended by the sterilizer manufacture

______________ inactivate spores and all forms of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Applied atdifferent time schedules, the high-level chemical is either a disinfectant or a sterilant

high level disinfectants

____________ inactivate all forms of microorganisms but do not destroy spores tuberculocidal.

intermediate level disinfectants

____________ inactivate vegetative bacteria and certain lipid-type viruses but do not destroy spores, tubercle bacilli, or nonlipid viruses.

low level disinfection

disinfection is achieved by

Coagulation, precipitation, or oxidation of protein of microbial cells, Denaturation of the enzymes of the cells.

An SDS (safety data sheet) provides facts about the safety and effectiveness ofthe product  including

-shelf life

-use life (life expectancy once activated)

-resuse life (amt of time solution can be used/reused)

-directions for activation

-type of container for use/storage

-storage directions

-directions for use (precleaning/drying of items, time/temp ratio)

-instructions for disposal

-warnings (toxic effects, emergency care)

how long is the water/airline flushed in clinic set up and in between patients?

Flush water 2 min at the beginning of every day, and 20-30 sec between patients. 

Critical (scalers) and semi-critical (mouth mirrors, items are sterilized or are disposable

True of false?

true

define disinfection

the chemical or physical process of killing most pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms like bacterial spores, on inanimate objects and surfaces to prevent the spread of infection

define sterilization

the complete elimination of all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and spores, from dental instruments and equipment to prevent cross-contamination and infectio