Topic 2: Abbasid Decline & the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South & Southeast Asia

Mahmud of Ghazni/Ghaznavids

Islamic leader who raided throughout northern India, destroying Hindu and

Buddhist temples

Al-Andalus/Muslim Iberia

city to which an Umayyad prince fled to / brought Islam into Spain

Srivijaya

A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Turkic Migration

migration of Turks from Central Asia to Turkey

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Southernization

Developments that were first made in Southern Asia and then spread to other places through trade and conquest

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.

Hulegu

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. _____ eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Delhi/Delhi Sultanate

Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India

(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.

refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. Several Turkic and Pashtun dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Slave dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526). Effectively, the Sultanate was replaced by the Moghul Empire in 1526 although there was a brief revival under the Suri Sultans.

Dar al-Islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Arab (Islamic) agricultural Revolution

transformation in agriculture from the 8th to the 13th century in the Islamic region of the Old World; included crops such as sugar cane, citrus, cotton, bananas, drought/heat resistant varieties of wheat, etc.

Bhaktic Cults/Bhakti Movement

Hindu religious groups that were open to all in the caste system; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali; used songs, poetry, and dances to try to convince Muslims to convert to Hinduism