world history final
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320 Terms
renaissance meaning
rebirth
what did the renaissance reform
CRIPES
where did the renaissance begin
florence, italy
what did italians what to revive
ancient rome culture
who led the renaissance
the wealthy and powerful merchant class
what was the most powerful family during the renaissance
the medici family
what was the medici family’s relationship with each other
competitive
who was the most powerful person during the renaissance
lorenzo medici
humanism
the focus on worldy subjects and not just the afterlife, life doesn't have to be miserable to go to heaven
medieval art
focused on religion
renaissance art
human based, focused on other subjects like landscapes and battle, introduced perspective and 3D subjects
leonardo da vinci
genius, created anatomy, talent painter, first to use cadavers
painted the last supper
michelangelo
painted the ceiling of the sistine chapel
raphael
painted school of athens
machiavelli
wrote the prince 1513
the prince 1513
book about politics
“the ends justify the means”
machiavellianism
doing something dishonest to gain power —> leads to authoritarian government
rabelais
wrote gargantuan and pantagruel
shakespeare
considered the greatest author of all time
cervantes
wrote don quixote
a book that mocked chivalry and feudalism
who invented the european printing press
johann gutenberg
affect of the printing press
books could now be mass produced
spread literacy and religion
how was europe given an advantage because of the printing press
europe was now educated
to raise funds to beautify the church, the pope
taxed marriage and baptism and sold indulgences
who created indulgences
johann tutzel
martin luther
german monk
what was martin luther mad at
luther was mad at indulgences because he knew they weren't mentioned in the bible
what were what were luthers published complaints called
95 theses
what allowed luther’s 95 theses to be mass produced
the printing press
what happened after luther posted the 95 theses
the church called for luther to recant
did luther recant
no, he was excommunicated
rules for entering heaven in catholicism
must be baptized and buy indulgences
rules for entering heaven in lutheranism
must believe in God
what did luther deny
that popes and priest were appointed from God
many people agreeing with luther’s reforms lead to what
1524 peasant revolt
what was the outcome of the 1524 peasant revolt
the peace of augsburg
the peace of augsburg
allows monarchs to choice whether their nation was catholic or lutheran
every monarch chose catholic
john calvin
created calvinism
calvinism
dutch religion
believed in predestination
both lutherans and catholics opposed calvinism
henry 8th
king of england
why did henry 8th create the church of england
he wanted to divorce catherine of aragon because she couldn't produce a male heir
who tells henry that he is divine and therefore can rewrite the bible to allow annulment
thomas crombwell
who does henry ask to acknowledge him as supreme head of the church of england
thomas more
does more recognize henry as supreme head
no, and for that he is beheaded
thomas more
religious advisor and henry’s best friend
thomas crombwell
henrys lawyer and most trusted advisor
who created the anglican / church of england
henry 8th
catherine of aragon
1st wife
marriage is annuled
she is sent to rural england
what does henry want
a male heir
anne boleyn
couldnt produce a male heir so henry created a rumor in order to justify her execution
beheaded
queen jane seymour
married 1 day after anne’s execution
died during childbirth
produced a male heir - edward
anne of cleves
divorced
henry thought she was ugly
who is killed for suggesting henry marry anne of cleves
thomas crombwell
catherine howard
she cheats on him
is executed
katherine parr
outlives henry
what happens after henry dies
there becomes a power vacuum for the throne
who first rules after henry dies
his son, edward, but he is young and sickly and soon dies
who rules after edward
mary
why is queen mary nicknamed bloody mary
she wanted to convert england back to catholicism \
persecuted and killed all protestants
who ruled after queen mary
elizabeth 1st
what was significant about elizabeths rule
she was the first monarchy to declare themselves as lutheran using the treat of augsburg
virgin queen
what did ptomely teach
that the earth was the center of the universe
geocentric
what was copernicus’ theory
that the sun was the center of the universe
heliocentric
galileo
created the first telescope
who proved that copernicus’ theory was correct
galileo
why did the church reject the idea of a heliocentric solar system
in the bible it states that the sun rotates around the earth
what did the church do about galileo proving copernicus right
they put him on trial and asked him to recant
what does galileo do
he recants
scientific method
problem, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
bacon and descartes
leading scientists at the time
“i think, therefore i am”
descartes
what does newton create
mathematical explanation for gravity, calculus, first advances in medicine and chemistry
what was chemistry known as before newton
magic
what year did the beginning of real science start
1600
john knox
founded church of scotland
brunelleschi
architect, domes
pieter bruegel
artist, painted first war battle death scene
act of supremacy
english acts that declared monarchs head of the church
diet of worms
holy roman assembly
desiderius erasmus
dutch priest and philosopher
what book did thomas more write
utopia
who made the statue of david
michelangelo
valuable spices
cinnamon, cloves, salt, nutmeg, and pepper
most important trade route
suez canal
motivation for europeans exploring the sea
europeans wanted direct access to the asian trade market!!!
wanted to bypass the Mediterranean sea
desire to learn more about the lands outside of europe
european improved technology
cartographers — more accurate maps
spread christiantiy
astrolabe — determine latitude at sea
caravel — improved sailing ships
improvements on ships
triangle sails
rutter
reinforced hull
dead reckoner
a person who can use an astrolabe
because sea travel is dangerous boat crews are usually
criminals
henry the navigator
wanted to gain wealth for portugal and spread christianity
took a 10 month voyage to india
struggles with hunger, thirst, and scurvy
trading with india is very profitable
only the captain will know how to read an astrolabe to avoid a
mutany
who begins the african slave trade
portugal
who controlled the seas in 1500s
spain / portugal
who controlled the seas in 1600s
dutch
who controlled the seas in 1700s
england / france
who controlled the seas in 1800s
england
columbus is an
italian explorer
columbus wanted to
find a shortcut to india
which country didnt support columbus
portugal
which country did support columbus
spain