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kingdom plantae
plant characteristics
Synapomorphies of kingdom plantae, photoautotrophic, heteromorphic sporic meiosis, terrestrial or secondary aquatic, cell walls made of cellulose, embryo protected by gametophyte tissue
plants are derived from
Charophyta
heteromorphic sporic meiosis
alterations of generations (haploid and diploid)
embryophyta
embryo protected by gametophyte tissue
Major plant groups
non-vascular plants, seedless vascular, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Non-Vascular plants
3 phyla, dominant gametophyte generation, water required for sperm dispersal, usually moist habitats, small plants
3 phyla of non-vascular plants
Hepatophyta- liverworts
Bryophyta- true mosses
Anthocerophyta- hornworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Anthoceros, simple charophyte-like thallus, horn-like sporophyte, photosynthetic sporophyte, hornworts
Phylum Hepatophyta
Dichotomously branching thallus, gemma/gemma cups, has antheridia and archegonia, sporophyte, liverworts
Sporophyte of Hepatophyta contains
foot- absorbs nutrients
capsule- sporangium/makes spores by meiosis
elaters on spores- anchor to ground
Antheridiophore (hepatophyta)
antheridia- male
archegoniophore (hepatophta)
archegonia- female
Phylum Bryophyta
meiospore, grows into protonema with leafy shoots and rhizoids, matures into gametophyte, matures to gametophyte, sperm contact egg in archeogonium, zygote grows into sporophyte
antheridium (bryophyta)
male, splash cup dispersal of sperm with water
archegonium (bryophyta)
female, egg
zygote of byrophyta
capsule- holds spores
seta- connects sporophyte to capsule
calyptra/operculum
hood over capsule, prevents spores from drying out
peristome
a ring of interlocking, tooth like structure
hygroscopic dispersal
teeth, open under dry conditions and close again when its moist, facilitates gradual dispersion over long distances
vascular plants
larger/taller plants in dyer habitats, better access to light for photosynthesis, dominant sporophyte generation, gametophyte variable often hidden
3 fundamental tissue systems
vascular, dermal, ground
vascular tissue system
xylem-conducts water and minerals, dead lignified cells, provides stem strength for height
phloem- distributes sugars, amino acids, organic products, alive
dermal tissue system
outer covering layer
ground tissue system
fills space between DTS and VTS, not root tissue per se
microphyll leaves
small, unbranched vascular tissue
megaphyll leaves
branched vascular tissue, bigger
Apical meristems
primary growth, increase in height (root + shoot)
Lateral meristems
secondary growth, increase in girth
heterospory
microspores (male), megaspores (female), all seed plants, few seedless vascular plants
4 phyla of vascular plants
monilophyta (superphylum)
Pteridophyta
Equisetophyta
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Phylum Psilophyta
whisk ferns
lack of true leaves and roots
dichotomously branching stems
sporangia born on stem
homosporous
Phylum Equisetophyta
Horsetails
hollow ribbed stem, toughened with silica
whorls of microphylls at nodes
strobili with sporangiophores, sporophylls
homosporous
elaters function in spore dispersal
Phylum Pteridophyta
Ferns
megaphylls=frond
usually pinnately compounded
circinate vernation
rhizome and adventitious roots
sorus
most homosporous
indusium
annulus
gametophyte- protonema, prothallus with antheridia and archegonia
annulus
spore dispersal when dry
indusium
protects spores
rachis
center stalk of ferns
pinnae
single leaflets of ferns
circinate vernation
frond fiddlehead to developed fern
sporeling
new sporophyte
Phylum Lycophyta
club mosses, ground pine, resurrection plant, quillwort
microphylls
strobilus
strobilus
cluster of sporophylls
phylum lycophyta, family lycophytales
club moss, homosporous
phylum lycophyta, family selaginales
spike mosses, heterosporous
spores
single totipotent cell, small, don’t take much to make, very limited resources, haploid
seeds
multicellular, organs and tissue systems, already developed, telescoping of generations, nutrition for embryo, may have accessory tissues to aid in dispersal
parts of a seed
embryo, cotyledons (food), hypocotyl, epicotyl, radicle embryonic root, endosperm (food), seed coat (hard protective coverting)
gymnosperms
4 extant phyla, vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte generation, larger plants, reduction of gametophyte generation, heterospory
4 phyla of gymnosperms
gnetophyta, ginkgophyta, cycadophyta, coniferophyta
gnetophyta
dioecious (male and female plants), 3 extant genera, genetum, welwitschuia, epherdra
ginkgophyta
monotypic (1 species), Ginkgo biloba aka maidenhair tree, deciduous, dichotomous, venation, dwarf branches have leaves, dioecious, fleshy and smelly seed coat
dichotomous venation
forked y patterm, bilobed leaves, slit in top center
cycadophyta
cycads, dioecious, microsporangiate strobilus, megasporangiate strobilus, pollen cones
coniferophyta
pines, hemlock, juniper, fir, redwood, cedar, spruce, sequoia, and more
coniferophyta life cycle male
microsporangiate strobilus
microsporophyllus
microsporamgium
microsporocyte
microspore
microgametophyte= pollen grain 4 cells
2 prothallial cells
tube cell
generative cell
air bladders
wind dispersal
coniferophyta life cycle female
megasporagiate strobilus= seed cone=megasporophyllus
ovulate scale compelx
integument
protection
becomes seed coat
micopyle
small opening for pollen grain
megasporangium=nucellus
provides nutrition
megasporocyte
meiosis to make megaspore
megaspore
grows by mitosis into female a female gametophyte=megagametophyte
archegonia
female gametophyte
produces egg cells
fertilization of coniferophyta
integument
microphyle
angiosperms
1 phylum- magnoliophyta, aka anthrophyta, flowering plants=fruiting plants, most successful plant phylum
a flower
a determinate sporophyll bearing shoot, grow until flower and fruit are formed, subteneded by a peduncle, born from a receptacle
calyx
sepals
corolla
petals
perianth
calyx and corella
androecium
stamens
perfect vs. imperfect flower
male and female parts vs male and female whorls in different flowers
complete vs incomplete flower
all 4 whorls vs a lost whorl
monoecious plants
male and female whorls on same plant
dioecious pants
separate male and female gamete producing pants
connatation
fusion of segments of a single whorl is derived
adnation
fusion between different whorls also derived
inflorescence
arrangement of flowers on a branch/ stem
types of inflorescence
solitary, raceme, spike, simple umbel, compound umbel, panicle, corymb, head/capitulumangiosperm
angiosperm diversity
basal angiosperms, monocots, eudicot
basal angiosperms
include magnolias, paraphyletic
monocots
families: peacae, liliaceae, arecacea, orchidaceae, iridaceae
eudicot
families: asteraceae, fabaceae, rosaceae, brassicaceae, solanaceae, laminceae
fruit
container for seeds, develops from ovary wall, used to disperse seeds, can be dry or fleshy
fleshy fruit
multiple, berry- pepo or hesperidium-, pome, drupe
dry fruit
dehiscent- legume, capsule fallicle-, indehiscent- achene, nut, samara, caryopsis
multiple fruit
multiple flowers, 1 fruit (pineapples, fig, mullberry)
accessory fruit
have tissues other than ovary wall, receptacle forms the fruit
aggregate fruit
each achene is a separate carpal from a single flower
berry
exocarp skin, fleshy middle, seeds inside (tomatoes, blueberries, bananas)
berry pepo
berry with hard thick rind (cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash)
berry hesperidium
berry with leathery rind (oranges, limes, grapefruits, kumquats)
drupe fruit
fleshy fruit with a strong pit (plums, cherries, apricots, mangos, olives, coconuts)
pome fruit
ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium
legume
2 structures
capsule-1+ carpel, opens along 2+ suture
follicle- 1 carpel, opens along 1 suture
aggregates of follicles
sweetgum and southern magnolia, many unfused pistils in 1 flower that dehisce along 1 suture
samara
winged for wind dispersal
nut
hard shell
achore
attach at single point
caryopsis
indehiscent grain, endocarp fused to seed
