BIOL 1030 Hawthorne exam 2

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Description and Tags

kingdom plantae

91 Terms

1

plant characteristics

Synapomorphies of kingdom plantae, photoautotrophic, heteromorphic sporic meiosis, terrestrial or secondary aquatic, cell walls made of cellulose, embryo protected by gametophyte tissue

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2

plants are derived from

Charophyta

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3

heteromorphic sporic meiosis

alterations of generations (haploid and diploid)

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embryophyta

embryo protected by gametophyte tissue

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5

Major plant groups

non-vascular plants, seedless vascular, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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Non-Vascular plants

3 phyla, dominant gametophyte generation, water required for sperm dispersal, usually moist habitats, small plants

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3 phyla of non-vascular plants

  1. Hepatophyta- liverworts

  2. Bryophyta- true mosses

  3. Anthocerophyta- hornworts

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8

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Anthoceros, simple charophyte-like thallus, horn-like sporophyte, photosynthetic sporophyte, hornworts

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Phylum Hepatophyta

Dichotomously branching thallus, gemma/gemma cups, has antheridia and archegonia, sporophyte, liverworts

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Sporophyte of Hepatophyta contains

foot- absorbs nutrients

capsule- sporangium/makes spores by meiosis

elaters on spores- anchor to ground

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Antheridiophore (hepatophyta)

antheridia- male

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archegoniophore (hepatophta)

archegonia- female

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Phylum Bryophyta

meiospore, grows into protonema with leafy shoots and rhizoids, matures into gametophyte, matures to gametophyte, sperm contact egg in archeogonium, zygote grows into sporophyte

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antheridium (bryophyta)

male, splash cup dispersal of sperm with water

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archegonium (bryophyta)

female, egg

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zygote of byrophyta

capsule- holds spores

seta- connects sporophyte to capsule

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calyptra/operculum

hood over capsule, prevents spores from drying out

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peristome

a ring of interlocking, tooth like structure

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hygroscopic dispersal

teeth, open under dry conditions and close again when its moist, facilitates gradual dispersion over long distances

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20

vascular plants

larger/taller plants in dyer habitats, better access to light for photosynthesis, dominant sporophyte generation, gametophyte variable often hidden

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3 fundamental tissue systems

vascular, dermal, ground

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vascular tissue system

xylem-conducts water and minerals, dead lignified cells, provides stem strength for height

phloem- distributes sugars, amino acids, organic products, alive

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dermal tissue system

outer covering layer

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ground tissue system

fills space between DTS and VTS, not root tissue per se

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microphyll leaves

small, unbranched vascular tissue

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megaphyll leaves

branched vascular tissue, bigger

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Apical meristems

primary growth, increase in height (root + shoot)

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Lateral meristems

secondary growth, increase in girth

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heterospory

microspores (male), megaspores (female), all seed plants, few seedless vascular plants

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4 phyla of vascular plants

monilophyta (superphylum)

Pteridophyta

Equisetophyta

Psilophyta

Lycophyta

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Phylum Psilophyta

whisk ferns

lack of true leaves and roots

dichotomously branching stems

sporangia born on stem

homosporous

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Phylum Equisetophyta

Horsetails

hollow ribbed stem, toughened with silica

whorls of microphylls at nodes

strobili with sporangiophores, sporophylls

homosporous

elaters function in spore dispersal

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Phylum Pteridophyta

Ferns

megaphylls=frond

usually pinnately compounded

circinate vernation

rhizome and adventitious roots

sorus

most homosporous

indusium

annulus

gametophyte- protonema, prothallus with antheridia and archegonia

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annulus

spore dispersal when dry

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indusium

protects spores

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rachis

center stalk of ferns

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pinnae

single leaflets of ferns

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circinate vernation

frond fiddlehead to developed fern

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sporeling

new sporophyte

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Phylum Lycophyta

club mosses, ground pine, resurrection plant, quillwort

microphylls

strobilus

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strobilus

cluster of sporophylls

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phylum lycophyta, family lycophytales

club moss, homosporous

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phylum lycophyta, family selaginales

spike mosses, heterosporous

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spores

single totipotent cell, small, don’t take much to make, very limited resources, haploid

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seeds

multicellular, organs and tissue systems, already developed, telescoping of generations, nutrition for embryo, may have accessory tissues to aid in dispersal

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parts of a seed

embryo, cotyledons (food), hypocotyl, epicotyl, radicle embryonic root, endosperm (food), seed coat (hard protective coverting)

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gymnosperms

4 extant phyla, vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte generation, larger plants, reduction of gametophyte generation, heterospory

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4 phyla of gymnosperms

gnetophyta, ginkgophyta, cycadophyta, coniferophyta

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gnetophyta

dioecious (male and female plants), 3 extant genera, genetum, welwitschuia, epherdra

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ginkgophyta

monotypic (1 species), Ginkgo biloba aka maidenhair tree, deciduous, dichotomous, venation, dwarf branches have leaves, dioecious, fleshy and smelly seed coat

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dichotomous venation

forked y patterm, bilobed leaves, slit in top center

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cycadophyta

cycads, dioecious, microsporangiate strobilus, megasporangiate strobilus, pollen cones

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coniferophyta

pines, hemlock, juniper, fir, redwood, cedar, spruce, sequoia, and more

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coniferophyta life cycle male

microsporangiate strobilus

microsporophyllus

microsporamgium

microsporocyte

microspore

microgametophyte= pollen grain 4 cells

  • 2 prothallial cells

  • tube cell

  • generative cell

  • air bladders

    wind dispersal

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coniferophyta life cycle female

megasporagiate strobilus= seed cone=megasporophyllus

ovulate scale compelx

integument

  • protection

  • becomes seed coat

micopyle

  • small opening for pollen grain

megasporangium=nucellus

  • provides nutrition

megasporocyte

  • meiosis to make megaspore

megaspore

  • grows by mitosis into female a female gametophyte=megagametophyte

archegonia

  • female gametophyte

  • produces egg cells

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fertilization of coniferophyta

integument

microphyle

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angiosperms

1 phylum- magnoliophyta, aka anthrophyta, flowering plants=fruiting plants, most successful plant phylum

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a flower

a determinate sporophyll bearing shoot, grow until flower and fruit are formed, subteneded by a peduncle, born from a receptacle

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calyx

sepals

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corolla

petals

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perianth

calyx and corella

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androecium

stamens

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perfect vs. imperfect flower

male and female parts vs male and female whorls in different flowers

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complete vs incomplete flower

all 4 whorls vs a lost whorl

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monoecious plants

male and female whorls on same plant

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dioecious pants

separate male and female gamete producing pants

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connatation

fusion of segments of a single whorl is derived

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adnation

fusion between different whorls also derived

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inflorescence

arrangement of flowers on a branch/ stem

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types of inflorescence

solitary, raceme, spike, simple umbel, compound umbel, panicle, corymb, head/capitulumangiosperm

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angiosperm diversity

basal angiosperms, monocots, eudicot

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basal angiosperms

include magnolias, paraphyletic

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monocots

families: peacae, liliaceae, arecacea, orchidaceae, iridaceae

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eudicot

families: asteraceae, fabaceae, rosaceae, brassicaceae, solanaceae, laminceae

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fruit

container for seeds, develops from ovary wall, used to disperse seeds, can be dry or fleshy

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fleshy fruit

multiple, berry- pepo or hesperidium-, pome, drupe

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dry fruit

dehiscent- legume, capsule fallicle-, indehiscent- achene, nut, samara, caryopsis

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multiple fruit

multiple flowers, 1 fruit (pineapples, fig, mullberry)

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accessory fruit

have tissues other than ovary wall, receptacle forms the fruit

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80

aggregate fruit

each achene is a separate carpal from a single flower

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berry

exocarp skin, fleshy middle, seeds inside (tomatoes, blueberries, bananas)

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berry pepo

berry with hard thick rind (cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash)

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berry hesperidium

berry with leathery rind (oranges, limes, grapefruits, kumquats)

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drupe fruit

fleshy fruit with a strong pit (plums, cherries, apricots, mangos, olives, coconuts)

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pome fruit

ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium

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86

legume

2 structures

capsule-1+ carpel, opens along 2+ suture

follicle- 1 carpel, opens along 1 suture

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aggregates of follicles

sweetgum and southern magnolia, many unfused pistils in 1 flower that dehisce along 1 suture

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samara

winged for wind dispersal

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nut

hard shell

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achore

attach at single point

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caryopsis

indehiscent grain, endocarp fused to seed

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robot