BIOL 1030 Hawthorne exam 2

kingdom plantae

plant characteristics

Synapomorphies of kingdom plantae, photoautotrophic, heteromorphic sporic meiosis, terrestrial or secondary aquatic, cell walls made of cellulose, embryo protected by gametophyte tissue

plants are derived from

Charophyta

heteromorphic sporic meiosis

alterations of generations (haploid and diploid)

embryophyta

embryo protected by gametophyte tissue

Major plant groups

non-vascular plants, seedless vascular, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Non-Vascular plants

3 phyla, dominant gametophyte generation, water required for sperm dispersal, usually moist habitats, small plants

3 phyla of non-vascular plants

1. Hepatophyta- liverworts

2. Bryophyta- true mosses

3. Anthocerophyta- hornworts

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Anthoceros, simple charophyte-like thallus, horn-like sporophyte, photosynthetic sporophyte, hornworts

Phylum Hepatophyta

Dichotomously branching thallus, gemma/gemma cups, has antheridia and archegonia, sporophyte, liverworts

Sporophyte of Hepatophyta contains

foot- absorbs nutrients

capsule- sporangium/makes spores by meiosis

elaters on spores- anchor to ground

Antheridiophore (hepatophyta)

antheridia- male

archegoniophore (hepatophta)

archegonia- female

Phylum Bryophyta

meiospore, grows into protonema with leafy shoots and rhizoids, matures into gametophyte, matures to gametophyte, sperm contact egg in archeogonium, zygote grows into sporophyte

antheridium (bryophyta)

male, splash cup dispersal of sperm with water

archegonium (bryophyta)

female, egg

zygote of byrophyta

capsule- holds spores

seta- connects sporophyte to capsule

calyptra/operculum

hood over capsule, prevents spores from drying out

peristome

a ring of interlocking, tooth like structure

hygroscopic dispersal

teeth, open under dry conditions and close again when its moist, facilitates gradual dispersion over long distances

vascular plants

larger/taller plants in dyer habitats, better access to light for photosynthesis, dominant sporophyte generation, gametophyte variable often hidden

3 fundamental tissue systems

vascular, dermal, ground

vascular tissue system

xylem-conducts water and minerals, dead lignified cells, provides stem strength for height

phloem- distributes sugars, amino acids, organic products, alive

dermal tissue system

outer covering layer

ground tissue system

fills space between DTS and VTS, not root tissue per se

microphyll leaves

small, unbranched vascular tissue

megaphyll leaves

branched vascular tissue, bigger

Apical meristems

primary growth, increase in height (root + shoot)

Lateral meristems

secondary growth, increase in girth

heterospory

microspores (male), megaspores (female), all seed plants, few seedless vascular plants

4 phyla of vascular plants

monilophyta (superphylum)

Pteridophyta

Equisetophyta

Psilophyta

Lycophyta

Phylum Psilophyta

whisk ferns

lack of true leaves and roots

dichotomously branching stems

sporangia born on stem

homosporous

Phylum Equisetophyta

Horsetails

hollow ribbed stem, toughened with silica

whorls of microphylls at nodes

strobili with sporangiophores, sporophylls

homosporous

elaters function in spore dispersal

Phylum Pteridophyta

Ferns

megaphylls=frond

usually pinnately compounded

circinate vernation

rhizome and adventitious roots

sorus

most homosporous

indusium

annulus

gametophyte- protonema, prothallus with antheridia and archegonia

annulus

spore dispersal when dry

indusium

protects spores

rachis

center stalk of ferns

pinnae

single leaflets of ferns

circinate vernation

frond fiddlehead to developed fern

sporeling

new sporophyte

Phylum Lycophyta

club mosses, ground pine, resurrection plant, quillwort

microphylls

strobilus

strobilus

cluster of sporophylls

phylum lycophyta, family lycophytales

club moss, homosporous

phylum lycophyta, family selaginales

spike mosses, heterosporous

spores

single totipotent cell, small, don’t take much to make, very limited resources, haploid

seeds

multicellular, organs and tissue systems, already developed, telescoping of generations, nutrition for embryo, may have accessory tissues to aid in dispersal

parts of a seed

embryo, cotyledons (food), hypocotyl, epicotyl, radicle embryonic root, endosperm (food), seed coat (hard protective coverting)

gymnosperms

4 extant phyla, vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte generation, larger plants, reduction of gametophyte generation, heterospory

4 phyla of gymnosperms

gnetophyta, ginkgophyta, cycadophyta, coniferophyta

gnetophyta

dioecious (male and female plants), 3 extant genera, genetum, welwitschuia, epherdra

ginkgophyta

monotypic (1 species), Ginkgo biloba aka maidenhair tree, deciduous, dichotomous, venation, dwarf branches have leaves, dioecious, fleshy and smelly seed coat

dichotomous venation

forked y patterm, bilobed leaves, slit in top center

cycadophyta

cycads, dioecious, microsporangiate strobilus, megasporangiate strobilus, pollen cones

coniferophyta

pines, hemlock, juniper, fir, redwood, cedar, spruce, sequoia, and more

coniferophyta life cycle male

microsporangiate strobilus

microsporophyllus

microsporamgium

microsporocyte

microspore

microgametophyte= pollen grain 4 cells

• 2 prothallial cells

• tube cell

• generative cell

• air bladders

  wind dispersal

coniferophyta life cycle female

megasporagiate strobilus= seed cone=megasporophyllus

ovulate scale compelx

integument

• protection

• becomes seed coat

micopyle

• small opening for pollen grain

megasporangium=nucellus

• provides nutrition

megasporocyte

• meiosis to make megaspore

megaspore

• grows by mitosis into female a female gametophyte=megagametophyte

archegonia

• female gametophyte

• produces egg cells

fertilization of coniferophyta

integument

microphyle

angiosperms

1 phylum- magnoliophyta, aka anthrophyta, flowering plants=fruiting plants, most successful plant phylum

a flower

a determinate sporophyll bearing shoot, grow until flower and fruit are formed, subteneded by a peduncle, born from a receptacle

calyx

sepals

corolla

petals

perianth

calyx and corella

androecium

stamens

perfect vs. imperfect flower

male and female parts vs male and female whorls in different flowers

complete vs incomplete flower

all 4 whorls vs a lost whorl

monoecious plants

male and female whorls on same plant

dioecious pants

separate male and female gamete producing pants

connatation

fusion of segments of a single whorl is derived

adnation

fusion between different whorls also derived

inflorescence

arrangement of flowers on a branch/ stem

types of inflorescence

solitary, raceme, spike, simple umbel, compound umbel, panicle, corymb, head/capitulumangiosperm

angiosperm diversity

basal angiosperms, monocots, eudicot

basal angiosperms

include magnolias, paraphyletic

monocots

families: peacae, liliaceae, arecacea, orchidaceae, iridaceae

eudicot

families: asteraceae, fabaceae, rosaceae, brassicaceae, solanaceae, laminceae

fruit

container for seeds, develops from ovary wall, used to disperse seeds, can be dry or fleshy

fleshy fruit

multiple, berry- pepo or hesperidium-, pome, drupe

dry fruit

dehiscent- legume, capsule fallicle-, indehiscent- achene, nut, samara, caryopsis

multiple fruit

multiple flowers, 1 fruit (pineapples, fig, mullberry)

accessory fruit

have tissues other than ovary wall, receptacle forms the fruit

aggregate fruit

each achene is a separate carpal from a single flower

berry

exocarp skin, fleshy middle, seeds inside (tomatoes, blueberries, bananas)

berry pepo

berry with hard thick rind (cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash)

berry hesperidium

berry with leathery rind (oranges, limes, grapefruits, kumquats)

drupe fruit

fleshy fruit with a strong pit (plums, cherries, apricots, mangos, olives, coconuts)

pome fruit

ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium

legume

2 structures

capsule-1+ carpel, opens along 2+ suture

follicle- 1 carpel, opens along 1 suture

aggregates of follicles

sweetgum and southern magnolia, many unfused pistils in 1 flower that dehisce along 1 suture

samara

winged for wind dispersal

nut

hard shell

achore

attach at single point

caryopsis

indehiscent grain, endocarp fused to seed