Taxonomy

Taxonomy

The science of classifying and naming organisms.

Major taxonomic ranks

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Mnemonic for taxonomic ranks

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup.

Traditional six kingdoms

Protists, Monerans, Fungi, Plants, Animals, Archaeans (when split).

Reason why 'Monerans' is no longer used

It is now usually divided into Bacteria and Archaea.

Problematic nature of Protists

They are not a proper (monophyletic) group evolutionarily.

Monophyletic group

Contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Paraphyletic group

Contains a common ancestor and some but not all descendants.

Polyphyletic group

A group made without including their most recent common ancestor.

Evolutionarily 'real' group

Monophyletic.

Porifera meaning

'Pore-bearers'.

Examples of Porifera

Sponges, tube sponges, encrusting sponges.

Specialized cells in Cnidaria

Cnidocytes (stinging cells).

Examples of Cnidaria

Jellyfish, sea anemones, coral.

How a sea anemone captures food

Using cnidocytes to fire nematocysts.

Ctenophora characteristics

Looks like jellyfish but lacks cnidocytes.

Gastropod meaning

'Stomach-foot'.

Cephalopod meaning

'Head-foot'.

Major Mollusca classes

Bivalves, Gastropods, Polyplacophora (chitons), Cephalopods.

Examples of bivalves

Clams, scallops, mussels.

Examples of cephalopods

Octopus, squid.

Phylum with most species on Earth

Arthropoda.

Marine arthropod groups

Crabs, shrimp, barnacles.

Important extinct arthropod group

Trilobites (Trilobitomorpha).

Order that includes barnacles

Maxillopoda.

Symmetry of adult echinoderms

Five-part (pentamerous) radial symmetry.

Unique system of echinoderms

Water vascular system.

Five echinoderm classes

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, Echinoidea.

Echinoderm class with sea stars

Asteroidea.

Echinoderm class with sea urchins

Echinoidea.

Defining chordate features

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail.

Superclass with jawless fish

Agnatha.

Skeleton of Chondrichthyes

Calcified cartilage, not bone.

Presence of swim bladder in Chondrichthyes

No.

Type of scales in sharks

Placoid scales.

Animals classified as Elasmobranchs

Sharks, rays, skates, sawfish.

Unique reproductive trait in male elasmobranchs

Claspers (paired reproductive organs).

Order containing Holocephali

Chimaeriformes (the chimaeras).

Common name for Holocephali animals

Chimaeras or ratfish.

Phylum of jellyfish

Cnidaria.

Phylum of sea star

Echinodermata.

Class to which sharks belong

Chondrichthyes.

Class to which snails belong

Gastropoda (Mollusca).

Class to which octopuses belong

Cephalopoda (Mollusca).

Class to which barnacles belong

Maxillopoda (Arthropoda).

Class of sea urchins

Echinoidea (Echinodermata).

Phylum that includes flatworms

Platyhelminthes.

Phylum that includes roundworms

Nematoda.

Phylum that contains segmented worms

Annelida.

Phylum with bizarre microscopic 'water bears'

Tardigrada.

Phylum of Brachiopods

Brachiopoda.

Phylum closely related to chordates

Hemichordata.

Three characteristics shared by all chordates

Notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, tail beyond anus.

Two traits differentiating Chondrichthyes from Osteichthyes

Cartilage skeleton and lack of swim bladder.

Phylum that contains ONLY marine animals

Echinodermata.