Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System - Disease Focus

cardiologist

heart doctor, manages cardiovascular disorders

cardiology

the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system

arteriosclerosis

degenerative disease of arterial walls, thickened and brittle, restricts blood flow to tissues and organs

atheroma

buildup of plaque like substances, common cause of arteriosclerosis

artherosclerosis

hardening of atheroma, causes lumen of artery to narrow

infarction

arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death

ischemia

a partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia

angina

arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries cause chest pain and tightness

diaphoresis

excessive sweathing

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

myalgia

muscular pain

herperlipidemia

elevated level of fatty substances in the blood

statin

drugs that slow down or reverse fat buildup

antihypertensives

drugs that control blood pressure

anticoagulants

drugs that reduce thrombus formation

angioplasty

surgical repair of vessels

endarterectomy

surgical removal of fatty deposits from the inside of the artery

coronary artery disease

any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium

a major cause

arteriosclerosis is _____ of coronary artery disease

necrosis

death of the heart muscle

myocardial infarction [MI]

inadequate blood supply to myocardium, may lead to death of the heart muscle

endocarditis

inflammation of innerlining of heart

infective endocarditis

endocarditis caused by bacteria

vegetations

bacteria and cellular materia form clumps or ____ on the valves of the heart

mitral valve stenosis

caused by endocarditis, narrowing of mitral valve

mitral valve insufficiency

impeding blood flow to the ventricle to not close properly

regurgitation

backflow of blood into the atrium

valvuloplasty

surgery of damaged valve

bioprothetic

mechanical device or one made of tissue, used to replace function of body part

varicose veins

enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins; develop from incompetent veins

varices

varicose veins in the esophagus

hemorrhoids

varicose veins in

endovenous ablation

destroying the tissue within the vein, minimally invasive technique to treat varicose veins

radiofrequency ablation

treatment for varicose vein, use of heat and lasers

cryoablation

use of cold to remove varicose veins

sclerotherapy

use of chemicals to treat varicose veins

myxoma

primary tumor of the heart composed of this mucous connective tissue, tend to be benign

pulmonary edema

fluid in the lungs

arthralgia

joint pain

metastasize

spread of cancer thorughout the body

malignant melanoma

most common primary tumor site of skin, bone marrow or lyphatic tissue

aneurysm

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

angia

chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries, decrease blood flow to the myocardium; angina pectoris

arrythmia

irregularity in the rate or rythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

fibrillation

abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium, can affect the atria or the ventricles

heart block

interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to Purkinje fibers

tachycardia

abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 times / minute

bruit

soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both; also called a murmur

cardiomyopathy

disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

coarctation

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

embolism

intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leads to life threatening situations

heart failure

disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

hyperlipidemia

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides) in the blood

hypertension

elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

hypotension

low blood pressure, persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

palpitation

sensation of irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat or flutter

peripheral artery disease

common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to extremities, especially in the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain; commonly results from artherosclerosis

phlebitis

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

rheumatic heart disease

serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causes permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially mitral valve

syncope

partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; fainting

thrombosis

abnormal condition where a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of formation

deep vein thrombosis

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially legs or thighs; deep venous thrombosis