Cellular respiration

cellular respiration

the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

photosynthesis

the process in which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy

which types of organisms undergo cellular respiration

both autotrophs and heterotrophs

what happens when organic compounds are broken down into simpler compounds

energy is released

what is the energy released by the organic compound mostly used to do

produce ATP

the products of cellular respiration (3)

CO2, water, and ATP

two stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis and aerobic respiration

glycolysis

a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

how photosynthesis and cellular respiration depend on each other

the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration

anaerobic

does not require the presence of oxygen

aerobic respiration

pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make lots of ATP

what pyruvic acid undergoes with no oxygen present

fermentation

fermentation

the breakdown of pyruvic acid by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen

type of reaction in cellular respiration

redox

redox reaction

one reactant loses electrons and another gains electrons

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

where the reactions of glycolysis take place

cytosol

step one glycolysis

two phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose, ATP converted to ADP

step two glycolysis

6-carbon molecule split into two 3-carbon molecules of G3P

step three glycolysis

G3P molecules lose electrons and receive another phosphate group, two molecules of NAD+ converted into NADH

step four glycolysis

all phosphate groups are removed from the molecule to make two molecules of pyruvic acid, the four released phosphates convert four ADP to four ATP

net yield of ATP in glycolysis

2 ATP

total ATP produced in glycolysis

4 ATP

how many NADH molecules produced in glycolysis

2 NADH

how NAD+ becomes NADH

electrons released through glycolysis attach to NAD+

where pyruvic acid goes if there's no oxygen

fermentation

what fermentation regenerates

NAD+

what fermentation does not produce

ATP

how various fermentation pathways differ (2)

enzymes and products

the two common fermentation pathways products

lactic acid and ethyl alcohol

lactic acid fermentation

pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid

what is used to make lactic acid

one hydrogen atom from NADH and one free hydrogen proton

what happens to NADH in lactic acid fermentation

it is oxidized and converted to NAD+

type of reaction that occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise

lactic acid fermentation

organ where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid

liver

the liver

where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid

how many carbons in lactic acid

3

alcoholic fermentation

pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol

organisms that use alcoholic fermentation

plant cells and unicellular organisms

process of alcoholic fermentation (2 steps)

CO2 is removed from pyruvic acid, two hydrogen atoms added

what is regenerated in alcoholic fermentation

NAD+

one kilocalorie=? calories

1000

efficiency of glycolysis=

energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose

where pyruvic acid goes when oxygen is available

aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration produces ?x as much ATP as glycolysis

20

two stages of aerobic respiration

the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

process by which ATP is made using the energy released as protons move across a memrbrane

as glucose is oxidized NAD+ is...

converted into NADH

the Krebs cycle, function

breaks down acetyl CoA

where the Krebs cycle takes place (eukaryotes)

the mitochondria

where the Krebs cycle takes place (prokaryotic)

None

mitochondrial matrix

the space inside the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion

what the mitochondrial matrix contains

enzymes to catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle

in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid reacts with ? to form ?, and releases a ?

CoA, acetyl CoA, CO2 molecule

products of the Krebs cycle (3)

CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP

final electron acceptor of ETC

oxygen

efficiency of cellular respiration=

energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose