VTNE Prep

(c) Systolic blood pressure

The pressure in the systemic arteries during ventricular contraction is:

(a) Diastolic blood pressure
(b) Osmotic pressure
(c) Systolic blood pressure
(d) Low pressure

(b) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

In what order does the impulse for depolarization travel through the heart?

(a) AV node, SA node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
(b) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
(c) SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His
(d) AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His

(a) Pylorus

The muscular sphincter located between the stomach and the duodenum is the:

(a) Pylorus
(b) Cardia
(c) Chyme
(d) Rugae

(a) Threshold

When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached:

(a) Threshold
(b) Repolarization
(c) Refractory period
(d) Action potential

(b) Stomach

Smooth muscles can be found in the:

(a) Heart
(b) Stomach
(c) Pelvic limb
(d) Diaphragm

(a) Negative

On inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared with ambient air pressure, is

(a) Negative
(b) Positive
(c) Same as the ambient air pressure
(d) Fluctuating

(c) Brainstem

The cranial nerves originate from the

(a) Cerebellum
(b) Spinal cord
(c) Brainstem
(d) Cerebrum

(d) Oxytocin

In dairy cattle, the teats and udder are gently washed before milking to stimulate the release of one of the following, to stimulate milk letdown

(a) Adrenalin
(b) Norepinephrine
(c) Dopamine
(d) Oxytocin

(c) 8%

Typically, what percentage of an animal's body weight consists of blood?

(a) 0.1%
(b) 1%
(c) 8%
(d) 30%

(c) Systemic

What circulatory system is under the highest pressure?

(a) Pulmonary
(b) Coronary
(c) Systemic
(d) Capillaries

(d) A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive systems

In birds, the cloaca is:

(a) An appendage suspended from the head
(b) A blind sac at the distal end of the jejunum
(c) A cleft in the hard palate
(d) A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive systems

(d) Femoral vein

All of the following major vessels contribute to blood flowing into the cranial vena cava except for the:

(a) Brachiocephalic vein
(b) Thoracic duct
(c) Azygos vein
(d) Femoral vein

(b) Ilium

Which of these is not a division of teh small intestine?

(a) Duodenum
(b) Ilium
(c) Ileum
(d) Jejunum

(b) Endocrine system

Which of the following is a ductless system?

(a) Exocrine system
(b) Endocrine system
(c) Lymphatic system
(d) All of the above systems contain ducts

(b) Lacteals

The lymphatic structure found in the small intestines responsible for the transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins is:

(a) Afferent lymphatic vessels
(b) Lacteals
(c) Trabeculae
(d) Spleen

(a) Estrous

The time period from the beginning of one heat cycle to the beginning of the next is called:

(a) Esrous
(b) Estrus
(c) Ovulation
(d) The mating cycle

(d) Diarthroses

The anatomic term for synovial joints is:

(a) Fibroarthroses
(b) Amphiarthroses
(c) Synarthroses
(d) Diarthroses

(d) Foramen ovale

The name of the hole between the cardiac atria that closes at birth in the mammal is:

(a) Aortic hiatus
(b) Foramen
(c) Fossa
(d) Foramen ovale

(b) Tympanic membrane

The eardrum is also called the:

(a) Pinna
(b) Tympanic membrane
(c) Eustachian tubes
(d) Cochlea

(c) Carry oxygen to the tissues

The function of the red blood cell is to:

(a) Provide defense from foreign invaders
(b) Act as a phagocyte
(c) Carry oxygen to the tissues
(d) Respond to the need for clotting

(b) Pulmonary

What artery carries deoxygenated blood?

(a) Aorta
(b) Pulmonary
(c) Coronary
(d) Carotid

(a) Hypoxia and erythropoietin

Red blood cellproduction is stimulated by:

(a) Hypoxia and erythropoietin
(b) Erythropoietin and thrombocytes
(c) Fibrinogen and acetylcholine
(d) Leukocytes

(d) Sinoatrial node

What structure is the pacemaker of the heart?

(a) Bundle of His
(b) Purkinje fibers
(c) Atrioventricular node
(d) Sinoatrial node

(c) Ventricular depolarization

In the normal heart ECG, the QRS complex corresponds to what portion of the cardiac cycle?

(a) The QRS complex is the entire ECG cycle
(b) Atrial depolarization
(c) Ventricular depolarization
(d) Ventricular repolarization

(a) Pancreas

The islets of Langerhans are associated with which organ?

(a) Pancreas
(b) Liver
(c) Kidneys
(d) Adrenal glands

(c) Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

Which of the following is the correct path for urine elimination?

(a) Ureter, kidneys, urethra, bladder
(b) Kidneys, urethra, bladder, ureter
(c) Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
(d) Urethra, bladder, ureter, kidneys

(d) Both A and B

Which of the following hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation?

(a) ADH
(b) Aldosterone
(c) Glucagon
(d) Both A and B

(b) One or both testes do not fully descend into the scrotum

Which of the following best defines the term cryptorchidism?

(a) Torsion of one or both testicles
(b) One or both testes do not fully descend into the scrotum
(c) The surgical removal of both testicles
(d) An inflammatory condition of the testis

(c) Cattle

Which of the following species is NOT considered to be multiparous?

(a) Dogs
(b) Sows
(c) Cattle
(d) Cats

(a) Anestrus

When an animal is said to be in a period of temporary ovarian inactivity, this is known as:

(a) Anestrus
(b) Diestrus
(c) Pseudocyesis
(d) Heat

(d) All of the above

The kidneys perform the waste-removal function by which of the following actions?

(a) Filtration
(b) Reabsorption
(c) Secretion
(d) All of the above

(a) Mediastinum

The thorax is divided into right and left sides by a connective tissue septum known as the:

(a) Mediastinum
(b) Pericardium
(c) Pulmonary pleura
(d) Sternum

(b) Pneumatic bones

Which types of bones contain air-filled spaces known as sinuses that reduce the weight of the bone?

(a) Sesamoid bones
(b) Pneumatic bones
(c) Splanchnic bones
(d) Irregular bones

(a) Osteoblasts

Cells that are responsible for laying down new bone are known as:

(a) Osteoblasts
(b) Osteoclasts
(c) Ossification
(d) Hemopoiesis

(a) Dogs

Which species contains a bone within the penis that is known as the os penis?

(a) Dogs
(b) Cats
(c) Horses
(d) Ruminants

(b) Cranial

The thoracic cavity is considered to be in what anatomical direction from the abdomen?

(a) Caudal
(b) Cranial
(c) Dorsal
(d) Ventral

(a) Xiphoid process

The caudal end of the sternum is referred to as the

(a) Xiphoid process
(b) Trochanter
(c) Calcaneus
(d) Cannon bone

(d) Calcium

Which element of the periodic table is required for muscle contraction, nerve impulse, transmission, and blood clotting?

(a) Nitrogen
(b) Oxygen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Calcium

(a) Hydrophilic

What are chemicals that dissolve or mix well in water called?

(a) Hydrophilic
(b) Hydrophobic
(c) Solute
(d) Solvent

(a) 2.5

Which of the following levels is considered the most acidic of the pH scale?

(a) 2.5
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 12

(d) All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate?

(a) Sugar
(b) Starch
(c) Cellulose
(d) All of the above

(d) Block the COX-2 pathway

Prostaglandins provide all of the following functions, except:

(a) Regulate hormone synthesis
(b) Enhance immune system
(c) Provide inflammatory response
(d) Block the COX-2 pathway

(a) Steroids

Which types of lipid take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings?

(a) Steroids
(b) Triglycerides
(c) Prostoglandins
(d) Phosolipids

(d) Both A and B

Nucleic acids consist of which of the following classes?

(a) RNA
(b) DNA
(c) Ribose
(d) Both A and B

(b) Nucleotides

The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids are known as:

(a) Chromosomes
(b) Nucleotides
(c) Proteins
(d) Carbohydrates

(c) Thiamine

All of the following are nucleotides, except:

(a) Adenine
(b) Guanine
(c) Thiamine
(d) Cytosine

(b) Arteries

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

(a) Veins
(b) Arteries
(c) Capillaries
(d) Vena Cava

(b) Veins

Which types of blood vessels contain one-way valves?

(a) Arteries
(b) Veins
(c) Capillaries
(d) Aorta

(b) Trachea

Which structure is composed of several C-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage?

(a) Esophagus
(b) Trachea
(c) Larynx
(d) Pharynx

(b) Alveolus

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

(a) Bronchi
(b) Alveolus
(c) Alveolar duct
(d) Larynx

(c) Dentin

What makes up the bulk of the tooth?

(a) Enamel
(b) Crown
(c) Dentin
(d) Root

(d) Incisors

Which of the following are the most rostral teeth in the mouth of small animals?

(a) Canines

(b) premolars

(c) molars

(d) incisors

(c) Cardiac sphincter

What regulates the size of the opening of the esophagus into the stomach?

(a) Duodenum
(b) Pyloric sphincter
(c) Cardiac sphincter
(d) Epiglottis

(b) Portal vein

Which vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver?

(a) Inferior vena cava
(b) Portal vein
(c) Hepatic vein
(d) Splenic vein

(c) Brainstem

What is considered the most primitive part of the brain?

(a) Cerebellum
(b) Cerebrum
(c) Brainstem
(d) Gray matter

(b) Parasympathetic nerve fibers

Spinal nerves from the sacral region carry which type of nerve fiber?

(a) Sympathetic nerve fibers
(b) Parasympathetic nerve fibers
(c) Both
(d) Neither

(d) 12

How many types of cranial nerves exist?

(a) 5
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 12

(b) Vestibulocochlear

Which cranial nerve is responsible for balance and hearing?

(a) Trochlear
(b) Vestibulocochlear
(c) Accessory
(d) Optic

(c) Vagus

Which of the following cranial nerves is the longest cranial nerve that innervates many organs in the body?

(a) Trigeminal
(b) Vestibulocochlear
(c) Vagus
(d) Hypoglossal

(b) Hunger and thirst

Visceral sensations include which of the following?

(a) Heat and cold
(b) Hunger and thirst
(c) Odors
(d) Touch and pressure

(a) Pinna

Which of the following is a cartilaginous funnel that collects sound waves and directs them medially into the external auditory canal?

(a) Pinna
(b) Eustachian tube
(c) Cochlea
(d) Tympanic membrane

(a) Cochlea

Which of the following is part of the inner ear?

(a) Cochlea
(b) Malleus
(c) Incus
(d) Tympanic membrane

(b) Organ of Corti

Which of the following contains receptor cells for hearing?

(a) Tympanic membrane
(b) Organ of Corti
(c) Vestibule
(d) Incus

(b) Balance and head position

The vestibular sense is responsible for:

(a) Taste
(b) Balance and head position
(c) Vision
(d) Hearing

(b) Cornea

The clear window on the rostral portion of the eye is known as:

(a) Eyelids
(b) Cornea
(c) Iris
(d) Sclera

(c) Anterior chamber

What structure is located immediately caudal to the cornea?

(a) Lens
(b) Iris
(c) Anterior chamber
(d) Vitreous humor

(d) Retina

Where are visual images formed within the eye?

(a) Lens
(b) Cornea
(c) Vitreous humor
(d) Retina

(a) The muscles relax, allowing the pupil to dilate

What happens to the iris of the eye in dim light?

(a) The muscles relax, allowing the pupil to dilate
(b) The muscles contract, allowing the pupil to constrict
(c) The muscles contrict
(d) Nothing, the light does not affect the iris of the eye

(c) Progesteron

Which hormones are produced by the corpus luteum and are necessary to maintain pregnancy?

(a) FSH
(b) LH
(c) Progesterone
(d) Estrogen

(c) The coccygeal vertebrae

Which of the following forms the tail of the horse?

(a) The cervical vertebrae
(b) The sacrum
(c) The coccygeal vertbrae
(d) The lumbar vertebrae

(b) Fetlock joint

Which of the following joints lies between the cannon bone and the long pastern?

(a) Stifle joint
(b) Fetlock joint
(c) Pastern joint
(d) Carpal joint

(c) Humerus

The deltoid tuberosity is located on which of the following bones of the horse?

(a) Radius
(b) Ulna
(c) Humerus
(d) Scapula

(c) 60%

Approximately how much of the weight do the forelimbs of the horse carry?

(a) 20%
(b) 40%
(c) 60%
(d) 80%

(b) Semimembranosus

All of the following muscle of the horse extend to the hock, except:

(a) Gastrocnemius
(b) Semimembranosus
(c) Semitendinosus
(d) Biceps femoris

(d) Triceps

Which of the following muscles of the horse is responsible for extending the elbow?

(a) Infraspinatus
(b) Gastrocnemius
(c) Pectoral
(d) Triceps

(a) 25-42 bpm

What is the normal heart rate for a horse at rest?

(a) 25-42 bpm
(b) 40-140 bpm
(c) 48-84 bpm
(d) 260-600 bpm

(a) Frontal sinus

Which sinus lies in the dorsal part of the skull medial to the orbit?

(a) Frontal sinus
(b) Two maxillary sinuses
(c) Oropharynx
(d) Nasopharynx

(d) Sheep

Which animal has a cotylendonary placenta?

(a) Cat
(b) Dog
(c) Horse
(d) Sheep

(a) Popliteal nodes

Lymph nodes found on the caudal aspect of the leg at the level of the patella are the:

(a) Popliteal nodes
(b) Inguinal nodes
(c) Mandibular nodes
(d) Prescapular nodes

(d) 1.5 m

What is the average length of the esophagus in the average sized horse?

(a) 1.5 inches
(b) 1.5 cm
(c) 1.5 mm
(d) 1.5 m

(b) Keel

The sternum of birds is extended into a laterally flattened ____________, which provides a large surface area for the attachment of the major flight muscles.

(a) Coracoid
(b) Keel
(c) Beak
(d) Quadrate

(b) Diaphragm

What division are birds missing that normally seen between the thorax and abdomen of other animals?

(a) Lungs
(b) Diaphragm
(c) Liver
(d) Keel

(b) Preen

Secretions from which gland keeps feathers waterproof?

(a) Alula
(b) Preen
(c) Gizzard
(d) Coracoid

(d) 4

How many chambers does the avian heart contain?

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

(d) All of the above

Which of the following systems attach to the cloaca in birds?

(a) Reproductive
(b) Digestive
(c) Urinary
(d) All of the above

(a) 7

How many cervical vertebrae do rabbits have?

(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 13
(d) 15

(a) Ear

The incus, malleus, and stapes are all bones that create the __________ in small animals.

(a) Ear
(b) Face
(c) Foot
(d) Cranium

(b) Cytosol

What is the fluid of a cell called?

(a) Cytoplasm
(b) Cytosol
(c) Cytoskeleton
(d) Tubulins

(b) Trapezius

Which canine muscle originates from the dorsal midline from C2 to C7 and inserts on the spine of the scapula?

(a) Pectoralis
(b) Trapezius
(c) Latissimus
(d) Brachiocephalicus

(b) Capillaries

What of the following are present in all organs/tissues and are the sites of exchange between blood and tissue fluid?

(a) Venules
(b) Capillaries
(c) Valves
(d) Lymph

(a) Bronchiole

What structure is not part of the upper respiratory tract?

(a) Bronchiole
(b) Larynx
(c) Pharynx
(d) Trachea

(d) Tendons

With what type of tissue is muscle attached to bone?

(a) Ligaments
(b) Fat
(c) Cartilage
(d) Tendons

(c) Cattle

Which of these species has a lobulated kidney?

(a) Sheep
(b) Horses
(c) Cattle
(d) Goats

(b) Mitochondria

What cell component is primarily responsible for energy supply for various cell processes?

(a) Nucleolus
(b) Mitchondria
(c) Golgi apparatus
(d) Granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Dilated pupils

Which reaction is the result of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?

(a) Decreased heart rate
(b) Dilated pupils
(c) Increased GI activity
(d) Increased salivation

(c) Respiratory acidosis

Apnea will cause

(a) Metabolic acidosis
(b) Metabolic alkalosis
(c) Respiratory acidosis
(d) Respiratory alkalosis

(d) Insulin

Which of the following lowers blood glucose?

(a) Glucagon
(b) Epinephrine
(c) Glucocorticoids
(d) Insulin

(c) Peristalsis

Food is moved along the digestive tract by the process known as

(a) Mastication
(b) Prehension
(c) Peristalsis
(d) Reticulation

(c) Reticulum

The smallest ruminant forestomach, and the one most commonly involved in hardware disease is the

(a) Abomasum
(b) Omasum
(c) Reticulum
(d) Rumen

(a) Abomasum

The true stomach of the ruminant is the

(a) Abomasum
(b) Omasum
(c) Reticulum
(d) Rumen