Key Figures and Theories in Psychology

Kulpe

Student of Wundt, developed experimental psychology.

Positivism

Philosophy emphasizing observable phenomena in science.

Behaviourism

Focus on observable behavior, not internal states.

Hull

Neo-behaviourist linking psychoanalysis and conditioned reflexes.

Drive

Motivation, e.g., hunger defined by hours without food.

Conditioned Reflexes

Learned responses forming chains in learning processes.

Tolman

Studied latent learning in rats, applied to humans.

Latent Learning

Knowledge not immediately demonstrated until needed.

Goal-Directed Behaviour

Behavior aimed at achieving specific objectives.

Erikson

Psychologist known for identity formation theory.

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory with eight developmental stages.

Allport, F

Emphasized individual primacy in social psychology.

Group Fallacy

Mistaken belief that social behavior equals individual behavior sum.

Social Psychology

Study of individual behavior in social contexts.

Lewin

Pioneered field theory in social psychology.

Field Theory

Behavior understood in context of total situation.

Topology Group

Lewin's group studying behavior under leadership styles.

Frustration Studies

Research on children's responses to frustration.

Leadership Styles

Authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire effects on group behavior.

Erikson's Reinvention

Changed identity from Erik Homburger to Erik Erikson.

Harvard and Yale

Institutions where Erikson studied human relations.

Anna Freud

Influential figure in Erikson's early training.

Gestalt Theory

Alternative to Wundtian tradition in psychology.

Phi Phenomenon

Experimental results on apparent movement perception.

Law of Pragnanz

Perception tends to organize into simplest forms.

Life Space

Totality of personality and psychological environment.

Action Research

Research method for social change with participants.

Shell-Shock

Term coined for veterans' psychological trauma care.

Intersubjectivity

Reality arises from human interactions and shared spaces.

Cumulative Frustrations

Anger results from ongoing frustrations, not single events.

Child Psychology Chair

Position held by Merleau-Ponty at the Sorbonne.

Experimental Situation

Designed to elicit specific emotional responses in participants.

Cognitive Development

Children's progression from instincts to language mastery.

Epistemology

Philosophy studying knowledge and its limits.

University of Berlin

Academic location for several key psychologists.

Albert Einstein

Famous physicist and friend of Wertheimer.

Dynamics of Anger

Research area emphasized by Dembo.

Psychological Processes

Language and perception studied by Merleau-Ponty.

National Institute of Industrial Psychology

Focused on applying psychology to social issues.

Freudian Talk Therapy

Treatment method developed by Rivers for shell-shock.

Student of Stumpf

Refers to a notable psychologist's academic lineage.

Experimental Research

Method used by Wertheimer to explore visual perception.

Social Change

Goal of action research involving participant collaboration.

Psychological Discipline

Myers established psychology as a scientific field.

Duncker

Studied productive thinking stages in problem solving.

Skinner

Influential behaviorist known for operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of behavior actions.

Air Crib

Temperature-controlled crib for infants reducing germs.

Behavior Modification

Techniques to change behavior using reinforcement.

Project Pigeon

Training pigeons to guide missiles accurately.

Clark and Mamie

Conducted doll studies on racial identification.

Doll Studies

Research showing racial biases in children.

Enriquez

Pioneer of sikolohiyang Pilipino, Filipino psychology.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Indigenous psychology emphasizing cultural relevance.

Philippine Psychology Research House

Trained students in sikolohiyang Pilipino methods.

Weisstein

Socialist feminist and women's liberation union founder.

Perceptual Field

Perceiver influences perception within their environment.

Traffic Perception

Illusion of movement when adjacent vehicle moves.

Fellowship Award

Recognition for academic or research excellence.

Master's Thesis

Graduate research project demonstrating original findings.

Behavioral Therapies

Interventions based on behavior modification principles.

Controversial Ethics

Debates surrounding ethical implications of behaviorism.

Cultural Norms

Shared standards influencing behavior within a culture.

National Awareness

Understanding and valuing one's cultural identity.

Social Awareness

Recognizing and addressing societal issues.

Innovative Conceptualization

New approaches to understanding psychology's relevance.

Sexism

Discrimination based on gender, particularly against women.

Harvard Library Ban

Women were prohibited from a library due to distraction.

Weisstein's Equipment Access

Denied necessary equipment for her doctoral thesis.

Yale University Support

Provided equipment for Weisstein to complete her work.

Kinder, Kirche, Küche

Published work critiquing psychology's view of women.

Chesler's Argument

Psychology lacks understanding of women's true nature.

APA Convention Statement

Chesler and Henley demanded reparations for psychological harm.

Women in Madness

Feminist critique of psychiatry and clinical psychology.

Maccoby and Jacklin

Published influential book on sex differences in psychology.

Psychology of Sex Differences

Aims to assess real vs. purported sex differences.

Three Explanatory Positions

Genetic factors, shaping behaviors, and social learning.

Gender Differences Terminology

Term not yet introduced in psychology during their work.

Empirical Sex Differences

Four established differences in abilities between genders.

Verbal Ability

Girls generally outperform boys in verbal skills.

Visual-Spatial Ability

Boys excel in visual-spatial tasks compared to girls.

Mathematical Ability

Boys show better math skills starting in adolescence.

Aggression Differences

Males are more aggressive than females, verbally and physically.

Prosser's Achievement

First African American woman to earn PhD in educational psychology.

Prosser's Death

Died in a car accident shortly after graduation.

Asian Mental Health Meetings

1970s meetings addressing mental health in Asian communities.

Social Learning Theory

Learning behaviors through imitation of same-sex parents.

Reparations Demand

Chesler and Henley's call for financial compensation.

Asian American Psychological Association

Founded in 1972 to support Asian American psychology.

Maxine Baca Zinn

Multiracial feminist theorizing difference in feminism.

Earl Zinn

Chairman of CRPS advocating research projects.

Yerkes

Conducted intelligence testing in American military.

Eugenics

Movement promoting selective breeding for desired traits.

Positive Eugenics

Encouraged breeding among higher social classes.

Negative Eugenics

Discouraged breeding among those deemed feeble-minded.

Committee for Research in Problems of Sex (CRPS)

Explored hormonal, nutritional, psychological, and racial factors.

Comparative Psychology

Study using animal research to inform human behavior.

Koffka

Developed Gestalt theory with Kohler and Wertheimer.

Gestalt Theory

Focus on wholeness in perception and experience.

Kohler

Studied animal insight during isolation in war.