lifespan developmental psych exam 3

gross motor skills (6-12)

Riding bike, skip rope, jumpingjacks balance on one foot witheyes closed, balance beam,faster running, jumping higher,better coordination (throwing)-hop scotch!

fine motor skills (6-12)

cursive/handwriting, typing , tyingshoes, fastening buttons,drawing detailed pictures

dyslexia

Misperception of letters during reading/writing• Difficulty sounding out letters (auditory processing disorder)• Reduced Phonemic Awareness• Left/Right Confusion• Difficulties in spelling

Dysgraphia

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Dyscalculia

unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

add/adhd

Persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, followinginstructions, and organizing work• Inability to watch an entire television program• Frequent interruption of others or excessive talking• Fidgeting, squirming

add/adhd treatment

with stimulants• Improved attention and compliance• Negative side effects• Academic improvements

age range does Piaget's concrete operational stage

7-12 years

Active and appropriate use of logic

the is a key characteristic of the concrete operational stage according to Piaget

Conservation

cognitive skill is mastered during the concrete operational stage

Concrete problems

type of problems can children solve during the concrete operational stage

Decentering and less egocentric thinking

this cognitive ability is developed in terms of perspective during the concrete operational stage

time and speed

Better understanding of ___ and ___improves in children during the concrete operational stage

What type of questions are children in the concrete operational stage unable to understand?

Abstract or hypothetical/theoretical questions

Reversibility

cognitive ability is attained during the concrete operational stage

older

___kids 'talked' to themselves to avoid temptation in the Marshmallow study.

stage 0 of reading

birth to start of first grade, learns prereq for reading, such as identification of the letters

stage 1 of reading

1st and 2nd grade, learnes phonological recoding skills starts reading

stage 2 of reading

2nd and 3rd grade, reads aloud fluently, but without much meaning

stage 3 of reading

4th-8th grade, uses reading as a means for learning

stage 4 of reading

8th grade and beyond, understands reading in terms of reflecting multiple points of view

code-based approaches to reading

reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading (the national reading panel and National Research Council prefer)

whole-language approaches to reading

emphasize learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences

Alfred Binet: intelligence testing

Intelligence quotient (IQ) = (Mental age / Actual Age) x 100• Average age = IQ of 100 & 15 points = 1 Standard Deviation

Current Day IQ tests

• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—4th Edition (WISC-IV)• Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (KABC-II)

spearman's g

General intelligence: if skilled in one area, skilled in others as well. Idea that skills cluster

Catell: Fluid intelligence

-global capacity to reason

-ability to learn new things

-think abstractly and solve problems

Catell: Crystalized intelligence

-prior leaning and past experiences

-based on facts

-increased with age

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory

our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years

Industry vs. Inferiority

Feelings of mastery, proficiency, and a growing sense of competence

positive feelings are associated with success in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage

Feelings of failure, inadequacy, and withdrawal

negative feelings are associated with failure in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage

Vaillant & Vaillant (1981) study

showed the long-term impacts of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage

end

Self-concept shifts from external physical attributes to internal psychological traits towards the _____of middle childhood

personal and academic

Children's self-concepts become divided into ____and _____spheres, each of which have multiple subparts.

social

Children use _____ comparison to compare themselves to others.

downward social comparison

when individuals compare themselves to others who are worse off

upward social comparison

when individuals compare themselves to others who are better off

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

preconventional(1-2), conventional(3-4), postconventional(5-6)

preconventional morality(stages 1 and 2):

•Reward and punishment based

•Not part of society yet

•Black and white thinking

Conventional Morality(stages 3 and 4):

•Society determines morality; what others think

Postconventional Morality(stages 5 and 6):

•Natural rights/inherent rights that exceed society rules/expectations

Carol Giligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development

proposed own theory of moral development specifically for women

stage 1: orientation toward individual survival

initial concentration is on what is practical and best for self. Gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility, which includes thinking about what would be best for others

stage 2: goodness as self-sacrifice

initial view is that a woman must sacrifice her own wishes to what other people want. Gradual transition from "goodness" to "truth" which takes into account needs of both self and others

stage 3: morality of nonviolence

A moral equivalence is established between self and others. Hurting anyone—including one's self—is seen as immoral. Most sophisticated form of reasoning, according to Gilligan.

form friendships with other high-status children

a characteristic of popular children regarding friendships

Exclusive/desirable cliques

type of cliques are popular children more likely to form

greater

popular kids have ____ access to resources

Loners who are fairly passive, often cry easily, and lack social skills.

common characteristics of bullied children

About half of all bullies

percentage of bullies come from abusive homes

violence

Bullies tend to watch more television containing ______.

misbehave

Bullies ____ more at home and at school than do nonbullies.

larger networks

Boys establish____ ____ of friends than girls

A strict dominance hierarchy.

type of hierarchy is present in boys' friendships during middle childhood

boys

_______attempt to maintain or improve their status in the hierarchy

restrictive play

type of play is often in boys' friendships

Girls focus on one or two 'best friends' of relatively equal status.

a characteristic of girls' friendships in middle childhood

By compromise, ignoring the situation, or giving in.

How girls typically resolve conflicts in their friendships

They can be confrontational with other girls who are not their friends.

How girls be confrontational in their friendships

Girls' language

who’s language is less confrontational and direct

They tend to blame themselves for the divorce.

a common emotional response of school-age children to their parents' divorce

They feel they have to take sides.

How older children typically react to their parents' divorce

GROWTH & PUBERTY: Boys

(Spermarche ~ Age 12-13)• Primary Sex Characteristics• Secondary Sex Characteristics

girls growth and puberty

Girls (Menarche: Age 11-12)• Primary Sex Characteristics• Secondary Sex Characteristics Rapid growth in height

early maturation in boys

•More successful at athletics

•They also tend to be more popular & more positive self-concept They have difficulties in school, and are more likely to become involved in delinquency and substance abuse

late maturation in boys

•Boys who are smaller and lighter than their more physically mature peers tend to be viewed as less attractive; Disadvantaged when it comes to sports activities and social activities •Decline in self-concept

•They have positive qualities, such as insightfulness and assertiveness; more creatively playful than early maturers

early maturation in girls

•Obvious changes in their bodies - such as the development of breasts - may lead them to feel uncomfortable and different from their peers

•May have to endure ridicule from their less mature classmates

•Tend to be sought after more as potential dates, and their popularity may enhance their self-concepts

late maturation in girls

•May be overlooked in dating and other mixed-sex activities during middle school, and they may have relatively low social status

•Satisfaction with themselves and their bodies may be greater than that of early maturers

Fewer emotional problems

nutritional problems in adolescence

Poor Eating Habits:

- High consumption of junk food/sugar/fats

- Large portion sizes

- Lack of variety

Related Health Concerns:

- Obesity

- Osteoporosis

- Diabetes

- Heart Disease

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

possible eating disorder causes

Perfectionistic or over-demanding parents; biological causes possible as well (twin studies)

risk factors for eating disorders

Perfectionistic or over-demanding parents; biological causes possible as well (twin studies)

oversupply

The brain produces an ______ of gray matter during adolescence, which is later pruned.

1 to 2 percent per year.

At what rate is gray matter pruned during adolescence?

increases during adolescence

Myelination ______ during adolescence

prefrontal cortex

The_____ ______ develops during adolescence and affects impulse control

Internal Clock Shift adolescence

9 hrs recommended sleep Teen sleep deprivation effects:

•Lower grades

•Depression

•Difficulty controlling moods

Greater risk of auto accidents

piaget’s formal operation age range

12 years and older

Abstract and hypothetical reasoning

cognitive ability develops during Piaget's formal operations stage

Propositional logic

type of logic is developed during the formal operations stage

It leads to questioning parents and authority figures.

the ability to reason abstractly affect behavior in adolescents

Greater idealism, impatience with imperfections, and more indecision.

some characteristics of adolescent idealism during the formal operations stage

Rules are seen as relativistic rather than absolute, and moral judgments are based more on intentions than consequences.

How moral thinking change during the formal operations stage

adolescent egocentrism

A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself.

imaginary audience

The belief that one is the center of attention.

personal fable

The belief in having a unique story that sets oneself apart from others.

leads to better monitoring of one's own learning processes, makes adolescents more introspective and self-conscious

metacognition improve during adolescence

learning process

adolescents can monitor their studying by monitoring their own _______ _______ more efficiently.

Alcohol Effects on the Teenage Brain

Adolescents more sensitive to neurological damage and show more cognitive impairment in response to alcohol compared with adults

self-concept

One's own assessment of who they are.

self-concept becomes more complex

_____ becomes more complex, integrating others' perspectives with one's own perspective.

abstract psychological characteristics

self-concept in adolescence rely on ____

What do adolescents understand about aspects of self?

They understand that aspects of self are situationally based.

preferred and actual

self-concept may cause unease if there is a difference between _____self and _____behavior.

self-esteem

Liking who you are

No, an increase in self-concept does not imply an increase in self-esteem.

Does an increase in self-concept imply an increase in self-esteem?

Yes, self-esteem can be different depending on the aspect of self you are evaluating.

Can self-esteem vary depending on the aspect of self being evaluated?

boys higher, girls lower

gender differences in self-esteem.