ART

Architecture

The art and science of designing and constructing buildings

A profession of planning in their totality taking into account their environment in accordance with the principles of

UTILITY

STRENGTH

BEAUTY

Conscious creation of utilitarian spaces

The Principles of Architecture

UTILITY

STRENGTH

BEAUTY

Theory

Analysis of a set of facts in relation to one another

belief, policy or procedure proposed

Hypothetical set of facts, principles or circumstances of a body

Form and Types of Theories

DESCRIPTIVE

PRESCRIPTIVE

CRITICAL

ARCHITECTURAL THEORY

Descriptive

• Phenomenon or events

• Neutral: do not lean towards any ideology

PRESCRIPTIVE

• Bases or guidelines

CRITICAL

• Challenges relationship between architecture and society

ARCHITECTURAL THEORY

Act of thinking, discussing and writing about architecture

Basis of architecture design

Categories of architecture are developed

Architecture and archi. theory are dependent on each other

Primary Elements of

Point

• zero dimension

• Indicates position in space

Line

• 1 D- point extended becomes a line property

  • Length

  • Direction

  • position

PLANE

• 2D, line extended becomes a plane property

  • Length 

  • Width

  • Shape

  • Surface

  • Orientation

  • Position

THREE GENERIC TYPES

• Overhead 

• Wall plane

• Base plane

VOLUME

• 3D- plane extended becomes volume properties

• Form is the primary identifying characteristics of a volume

• Established by shapes and interrelationship of planes

• Can be solid space displaced by mass or void contained by planes

FORM

• Refers to the shape or configuration

• In architecture

  • Form denote the formal structure of a work

    • Manner of arranging and coordination the elements and parts of a composition

Inclusive term with that has several meanings

It may refer to an external appearance

Allude to a particular condition in which something acts

Space

Opposite , constitute primary elements of architecture,

Essential, to provide internal sheltered space for human occupation

Visual Properties of Form

Shape

Size

Color

Texture

Shape

Outline of a particular form

Principal aspect by which we identify and categories forms

Depends on the degree of visual contrast that exists along the contour separating a figure from its ground or between a form n its field

Depends on the degree of visual contrast

Architecture

Floor,wall, ceiling planes that enclose space

door

SIZE

• Physical dimension of length,width, and depth of form

• Determines the properties of form

• Scale determined by its size

COLOR

• Phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation, and tonal value

• Cleary distinguishes a form

TEXTURE

• Phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation, and tonal value

• Cleary distinguishes a form

RELATIONSHIP PROPERTIES OF FORM

Position

Orientation

Visual Inertia

Position

• Location of a form relative to its environment

• Visual field led within

ORIENTATION

Direction of a form relative to the ground planer

The compass points

VISUAL INERTIA

• Degree of concentration and stability of a form

• Depends on 

  • Orientation

  • Pull of gravity

  • Our line of sight

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM

DIMENSIONAL

SUBTRACTIVE

ADDITIVE

Dimensional

Altering one or more of its dimension

Still retain as a member of a family of a form

SUBTRACTIVE

• Subtracting a portion of its volume

• May retain it's initial identify of transformed to another family

ADDITIVE

• Addition of elements to its volume

• Determine whether the identity of the initial form is altered or retained

• BASIC POSSIBILITIES OF GROUP FOR TWO OR MORE

Spatial Tension

proximity of forms - sharing

Edge to Edge

Common edge

Pivot

Face to Face

Have corresponding planar surfaces

Parallel to each other

Interlocking volume

• Interpenetrate each other's space

• Need not share any visual traits

ORGANIZATION OF ADDITIVE FORM

Centralized

Linear

Radial

Clustered

Grid

Centralized

Freestanding and Isolated

Linear

• Response to a topography or site context

• Tend to demonstrate a selection of forms along a line

RADIAL

Centrally located core with linear form extending outward

CLUSTERED

• Collection of varying forms

• Based on functional requirement

• Not regular or formal

• Can be interlocking, face to face, edge to edge

Regular

• Consistent and orderly manner

• Stable and symmetrical

• Sphere,cylinder and cube

IRREGULAR

• Dissimilar, inconsistent, asymmetrical

• Regular form can contain within an irregular form

ARTICULATION OF FORM

• refers to the manner in which the surfaces of a form come together to define its shape and volume

• Reveals the precise nature of its parts

  • Relationships to each other

• Surface appear as discrete planes with distinct shapes 

Separate and Distinct Separate and Distinct elemen

• Independent of the surface

Opening 

• Diminishes the corner condition

• Weakest the definition of the volume within the form

• Emphasizes the planar qualities

Volume of Space

• Created to replace corner

• Deteriorates the volume

• Interior space to leak outward

Emphasize the continuity of the bounding surfaces

• Compactness of volume

• Softness

Articulation of FORM - Surface

A plane shape can be articulated by constrasting color of the surface and the surrounding field

Anthropocentrism

the human being is the most important entity in the universe: Acording to the value and experiences of the human being

Anthropomorphism

human qualities are associated with non- hhuman entities/events

Anthropometrics

study of measurements of the human body

Ergonomics

an applied science concerned with the of characteristics of people that need to be considered in the design of devices and systems in order that people and things will interact effectively and safely

Proxemics

The study of the symbolic and communicative role of the spatial separation individuals maintain in various social and interpersonal situations

Design process systems

Activity of generating proposals

stages of Desing Process systems

INITIATION

PREPARATION

PROPOSAL-MAKING

EVALUATION

CYCLES, FEEDBACKS, ITERATION

SPATIAL SYSTEM

Characteristics that looked from a certain aspect, define a quality of space

SPACIOUSNESS_

formal , dimensional, determination of size

Spaces linkedy by common space

two spaaces may rely on an intermediary space for their relationship

Space within space

a space may be contained within the volume of a larger space

Adjacent spaces

two spaces may share a common border

interlocking space

the field of a space may overlap the volume of another space

Spacial Organization

• Radial

• Linear

• Grid

• CLustered

• Centralized

Centralized Organization

a linear sequence of repetitive spaces

Radial Organization

A central space from which linear organization of space extend in a radal manner

Linear Organization

a linear sequence of repetitive spaces

Grid Organization

spaces organized within the field of structural grid or other 3D framework

Clustered organization

Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship

Horror

Sacred

scary / unseen creatures

eligious , high ceiling natural

Fun and Joyful

Confusing

Religious, high ceiling, natural

rbitration, feel puzzled

Grand / Welcoming

Mysterious

Calm/ Peaceful

Claustrophobic

- feel invited, situated of the entrance 

- dark colours, use of unusual texture

- Natural lighting, greenery

- Long and narrow, minimum light air

ARCHITECTURAL FIRM

Company that employs architects, designers, and support staff to work with clients

Responsible for providing a specific portion

ARCHITECTURAL FIRM SERVICES

PRE DESIGN

SCHEMATIC DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

INTERIOR DESIGN

INTERIOR DESIGN

ENGINEERING CONSULTANT

BIM BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS

FILING AND PERMITTING

CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION

CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY

hat do they asses in Architectural firms?

GENSLER

HDR

NIKKEN SEKKEI

SWECO

AECOM

PERKINS EASTMAN

HAEAHN

HEERIM

DLR

HKS

YVONNE FARREL AND SHELLEY MCNAMARA

• Irish architects and academic

• Grafton Architects (1978)

• 2020 Pritzker awardee

  Universita Luigi Bocconi

  New Universtiy Campus

  Paul Marshall Building

DE MEURON AND HERZOG

• Pierre de Meuron

  • Swiss architect

  • Studied commercial design

• Jacques Herzog

  • Pursued a degree in civil engineering

SPACE

refers to both outer space and inner space.

can be flat and two-dimensional, such as the space

of a window.

BASE PLANE

A horizontal plane laying as a figure on a contrasting

background defines a simple field of space. This field can be

visually reinforced in the following ways.

ELEVATED BASE PLANE

A horizontal plane elevated above the ground plane

establishes vertical surfaces along its edges that reinforce the

visual separation between its field and the surrounding

ground.

DEPRESSED BASE PLANE

A horizontal plane depressed into the ground plane utilizes

the vertical surfaces of the lowered area to define a volume of

space.

Vertical linear elements

elements define the perpendicular edges of a volume of space.

SINGLE VERTICAL PLANE

plane can define the principal facade of a building fronting a public space, establish a gateway through which one passes, as well as articulate spatial zones within a larger volume.

L-SHAPED PLANE

It is shaped as an L…

U-SHAPED PLANE

A _____configuration of vertical planes defines a volume of space that is oriented primarily toward the open end of the configuration.

KINESTHETIC

The sensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons, or joints

PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSES

Senses those concerned with perceiving the body’s own movement and with informing the individual of his or her position and the position of the limbs, in space.

Proprioceptive System

System is crucial for notifying the operator

about what the body is doing, without each and every part of it

having to be monitored.

CIRCULATION ELEMENTS

APPROACH

• ENTRANCE

• CONFIGURATION OF PATH

• PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP

• FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE

APPROACH

The Distant View

Prior to actually passing into the interior of a building, we approach its

entrance along a path. This is the first phase of the circulation system, during which

we are prepared to see, experience, and use the spaces within a building.

FRONTAL

leads directly to the entrance of a building along a

straight, axial path. The visual goal that terminates the approach is clear; it

may be the entire front facade of building or an elaborated entrance within

the plane.

OBLIQUE

An approach enhances the effect of perspective on the front facade and

form of a building. The path can be redirected one or more timed to delay

and prolong the sequence of the approach. If a building is a approached at

an extreme angle, its entrance can project beyond its facade to be more

clearly visible.

SPIRAL

A ____ path prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the

three-dimensional form of a building as we move around its perimeter. The

building entrance might be viewed intermittently during the approach to

clarify its position or it may be hidden until the point of arrival.

Entrance

From outside to inside

A flush entrance maintains the continuity of the surface of a wall

and can be, if desired, deliberately obscured.

• A projected entrance forms a transitional space, announces its

function to the approach, and provides overhead shelter.

• A recessed entrance also provides shelter and receives a

portion of exterior space into the realm of the building

PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP

Edges, Nodes, and Terminations of the Path

EDGES - PASS BY SPACES

The integrity of each space is maintained.

▫ The configuration of the path is flex

▫ Mediating spaces can be use to link the path with the spaces.

NODES - Pass through Spaces

The path my pass though a space axially, obliquely, or along its

edge.

▫ In cutting through a space, the path creates patterns of rest and

movement within it.

TERMINATIONS OF THE PATH - TERMINATE IN SPACE

The location of the space establishes the path.

▫ This path-space relationship is used to approach and enter

functionally or symbolically important spaces.

FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE ( Corridors, Halls, Galleries, and Rooms)

Spaces for movement form an integral part of any

building organization and occupy a significant amount of

the volume of a building.

ENCLOSED

forming a public galleria or private corridor that relates to

the spaces it links though entrances in a wall plane

OPEN ON ONE SIDE

forming a balcony or gallery that provides visual and

spatial continuity with the spaces it links

OPEN ON BOTH SIDES

forming a colonnaded passageway that becomes a

physical extension of the spaces it passes through.

ANTHROPOMETRY

The study of measurements

of human body

▪ word is derived from the

Greek ‘anthros’ meaning

man, and ‘metron’

PROPORTION & SCALE

are used extensively in architecture

to create forms that are both functional and pleasing to the

eye.