Formulae

Speed

v = d / t

Acceleration

a = (v - u) / t

Force

F = m × a

Weight

W = m × g

Work done

W = F × d

Kinetic Energy

KE = ½mv²

Gravitational Potential Energy

GPE = mgh

Power (mechanical)

P = W / t

Momentum

p = m × v

Efficiency

(useful ÷ total) × 100

Charge

Q = I × t

Potential Difference

V = I × R

Electrical Power

P = I × V

Energy Transferred (power × time)

E = P × t

Energy Transferred (charge × voltage)

E = Q × V

Moles from mass

n = m / Mr

Moles from concentration and volume

n = c × V

Percentage by mass

(Ar × no. of atoms ÷ Mr) × 100

Volume of gas at RTP

24 dm³

Gas volume from moles

V = n × 24

Atomic number

Number of protons

Mass number

Number of protons + neutrons

Empirical formula

Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms

Magnification

M = I / A

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

SA:V = surface area ÷ volume

Osmosis

Water moves from high to low water potential through a semi-permeable membrane

Diffusion

Particles move from high to low concentration

Active Transport

Movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy

Enzyme

Biological catalyst that speeds up reactions

Genotype

Genetic makeup (e.g., Bb)

Phenotype

Observable characteristics

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles (BB or bb)

Heterozygous

Two different alleles (Bb)