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Memory

active system that receives information from the senses organizes and alters it as it stores it and then retrieves information from storage

3 Processes are

• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

Parallel processing

allows the brain to process things simultaneously

Sensory memories

• Some go in one ear out the other

• Some goes to short term memory

Short Term

brief; limited capacity (information immediately in use)

Long Term

 long lasting; unknown capacity; relatively permanent store of memories

Iconic

Visual sensory memory (capacity is anything that’s seen at one time)

Echoic

• Auditory sensory memory (capacity is anything that’s heard at one time)

• Echoic lasts a bit longer than iconic sensory

Selective attention

determines which items in the sensory memory go to short-term memory

• We can rapidly shift our attention

• Involves our working memory

Encoding

processes by which we translate the information into a “code” that can be used

Effortful processing

explicit memories; conscious encoding of experiences, facts, names, etc… (declarative memories)

Effortful Processing Strategies

• Chunking

• Mnemonics

• Hierarchies

• Distributed practice

Chunking

process of clustering items into fewer, but larger units

Mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery organizational devices

Hierarchies

broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Distributed practice

 we retain information better when our encoding is distributed over time

Self referential encoding

Individuals are likely to encode information differently depending on whether they are implicated in the information

Visual

remembering items better when you can visualize them

Acoustic

 able to remember items when they rhyme or have a rhythmic sound

Semantic

giving an item meaning makes it easier to remember

Karl Lashley

• Trained rats to find their way out of a maze

• Progressively took out pieces of the rats brain away

• No matter which section he removed the rat had some recollection of the maze

Long term memory

Incoming material through rehearsal, chunking, mnemonic etc, to be stored relatively permanently

Episodic memories

things that are very personal memories that have meaning to you

Semantic memory

Things that you learned for a memory ex studying

procedural memories

once you've learned this thing it becomes second nature like riding a bike

Elaborative rehearsal

is studying

Schema

 how you see things

Flashbulb memory

detailed vivid snapshot filled with emotion

Perspective memory

memory for intentions involves and planning and thinking ahead

Procedural

skills for task completion

Eidetic Imagery memory

individual has visual images clear enough to be retained for at least 30 seconds and realistic in their vividness

Context dependant memory

improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Mood congruent memory

when feeling down/happy, easier to recall other sad/happy episodes

State dependent memory

more likely to remember info when in the same state of consciousness when memory was formed

Retrieval clues

a clue that is used to trigger the retrieval of long term memory

Automatic processing

* implicit memories; unconscious encoding of incidental information
* Ex: space, time, and frequency