science summa 1

Pangaea

ancient supercontinent

Continental drift

theory the proposes that earth continents for once joined together

PHIVOLCS

philippine Institute of volcanology and seismology

Active volcano

• volcanoes that still emit, lava ash, and gases.

• this has recently erupted

how many active volcanoes are in the Philippines?

24

dormant volcano

• Active volcano that is currently not interrupting, but is expected to.

• Also called inactive

how many dormant volcanoes are in the Philippines?

355

extinct volcano

• Considered unlikely to erupt.

• has not erupted in more than 10,000 years.

• Has been permanently cut off from magma supply.

Island arc

when one plate subsducts under another plate

Hotspot

• magma comes from the hotspot, escape to the surface, forming volcanoes.

• Same as a magma chamber

spreading centers

Rift volcanoes are usually formed

Continental Arc

• when plates smash each other, one of the plates subducts in the process forming subduction volcanoes that can be an explosive stratovolcano.

• has a trench

The Philippine fault line

capable of generating frequent devastating earthquakes.

how many faults are active in the Philippines?

180

magnitude

How strong the earthquake was

intensity

damage caused by the earthquake

five major faults in the Philippines

1. Western Philippine Fault (West Valley Fault)

2. Eastern Philippine Fault

3. Central Philippine Fault Zone

4. Marikina Fault Valley System (Valley Fault System)

5. Southern Mindanao Fault

Western Philippine Fault (West Valley Fault)

• highly active, 100 km.

• Capable of generating “The Big One” (7.2 magnitude)

Eastern Philippine Fault

located in Philippine sea

Central Philippine Fault Zone

• highly active, 1200 km.

• Notorious for producing frequent earthquakes and surface ruptures

Marikina Fault Valley System (Valley Fault System)

• highly active, 135 km.

• Capable of generating massive earthquakes and poses a significant seismic threat.

Southern Mindanao Fault

Runs across Moro Gulf and Celebes Sea

Plate Tectonics Theory

explains how landforms are formed

Plate Boundaries

active zones where tectonic plates meet

Convergent Plate Boundary

two or more tectonic plates collide

Divergent Plate Boundary

• two tectonic plates slide apart, creating a rift valley.

• mostly occurs in bodies of water

Transform Plate Boundary

• tectonic plates move alongside eachother.

• also called Transverse Plate Boundary

Asthenosphere

• denser and weaker layer under the Lithosphere.

• 100-410 km

Mechanism of Plate Convection

• convection in mantle

• ridge push

• slab pull

Mantle Convection

• extremely slow, creeping motion by mantle.

• huge geological conveyor belt

Ridge Push

gravitational force that drives plate movement

Slab Pull

• driving force behind tectonic plate movement.

• pulling of oceanic plates down into the mantle due to gravity

Subduction Zone

areas or regions where oceanic plates sink back to mantle

Mountain Ranges

caused by rubbing/folding of plates and volcanic eruptions

Sierra Madre

• Backbone of Luzon.

• 500km

Global Warming

• the gradual heating of Earth’s surface. also the increase of average world temperature.

• caused by greenhouse effect

Greenhouse Effect

natural process that warms the Earth’s surface

Deforestation

• plants are the main source of oxygen

• forests are being depleted for domestic/commercial purposes

• leads to environmental imbalance

use of vehicles

• results in various gas emissions

• burns fossil fuels which emit a large amount of carbon dioxide and other toxins

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

• use of airconditioners and refrigerators = added CFCs = affects atmospheric layer

• lead to ozone layer depletion

Industrial Development

harmful emissions from factories add to increasing temperature

Agriculture

• various faming activities produce carbon dioxide and methane gas

• add to greenhouse gases

Overpopulation

more people breathing leads to increase in carbon dioxide

(people produce carbon dioxide)

Volcanoes

one of the largest natural contributors

(releases greenhouse gases, ash and smoke, and heat)

Watee Vapour

a kind of greenhouse gas

(water gets evaporated and stays in the atmosphere)

Melting Permafrost

a frozen soil that has environmental trapped gases

(once it melts, the gas gets released back into the atmosphere)

Forest Blazes (Forest Fires)

emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke

(gases are released in the atmosphere)

Effects of Global Warming

• Rise in temperature

• Threats to the Ecosystem

• Climate Change

• Spread of Diseases

• High Mortality Rates

Climate Change

Global Warming has led led to change in climatic conditions, leading to…

2018 and 2021

warmest years according to Global Warming Statistics