Lesson 2 Philosophy

Quiz in Philo

To think or express oneself in a philosophical manner

Philosophizing

Opinion

Belief, impression, or judgment about something but not necessarily based on facts (Subjective)

Truth

Something that has been proven by facts and is observable (Objective)

Socratic Method

A process of asking open-ended questions that are committed to finding the truth

Dialectical Method

It is a method of studying and understanding the real development and change

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel & Karl Marx

Popularized the dialectical methods

Formula for DM

Thesis vs Antithesis results in Synthesis

Hemeneutics Etymology

Associated with the Greek God, Hermes and is derived from hermeneusal and hermeneia which means interpreting or interpretation

Hermeneutics

Understanding of a particular reality

Offers a toolbox for efficiently treating problems of the interpretation of human actions, texts, and other meaningful material

Hermeneutics

Understanding of the author

Essence

Properties that make an entity what it fundamentally is (Mental)

Accident

Property that the entity or substance without which the substance can still retain its identity (Physical)

Phenomenology Etymology

Greek word phainomenon which means appearance
Logos which means study or reason

Phenomenology

A phenomenon is that which appears to the consciousness of the mind

Phenomenology investigates the essence of nature of the things that appear to a person

Edmund Husserl

Started the method of phenomenology

Phenomenological Strategies

Bracketing
Eidetic Reduction

Existentialism

Emphasizes the persons lived experience to get to the true meaning of reality

Logic

A science that focuses on the analysis and construction of arguments.

Kinds of Reasoning

Inductive
Deductive

Inductive

Specific to General

Deductive

General to Specific

Fallacies

A defect in an argument other than its having false premises

Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad Misericordiam)

Someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting their opponent's feelings of pity or guilt

Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam)

Whatever has not been proven false must be true or vice versa

Equivocation

The logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times but giving the particular word a different meaning each time

Against the Person (Argumentum Ad Hominem)

Attacking the person's character rather than the logic or content of the argument

Appeal to Force (Argumentum Ad Baculum)

Argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force is given as a justification for a conclusion

Appeal to People (Argumentum Ad Populum)

Exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity

Concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it

False Cause (Post Hoc)

One reason is that since an event occurred before another, then the first event caused the other

Appeal to Tradition

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time

Hasty Generalization

One reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence

Conclusion without considering all of the variables

Begging the question (Petitio Principii)

The proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise of circular reasoning