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To think or express oneself in a philosophical manner
Philosophizing
Opinion
Belief, impression, or judgment about something but not necessarily based on facts (Subjective)
Truth
Something that has been proven by facts and is observable (Objective)
Socratic Method
A process of asking open-ended questions that are committed to finding the truth
Dialectical Method
It is a method of studying and understanding the real development and change
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel & Karl Marx
Popularized the dialectical methods
Formula for DM
Thesis vs Antithesis results in Synthesis
Hemeneutics Etymology
Associated with the Greek God, Hermes and is derived from hermeneusal and hermeneia which means interpreting or interpretation
Hermeneutics
Understanding of a particular reality
Offers a toolbox for efficiently treating problems of the interpretation of human actions, texts, and other meaningful material
Hermeneutics
Understanding of the author
Essence
Properties that make an entity what it fundamentally is (Mental)
Accident
Property that the entity or substance without which the substance can still retain its identity (Physical)
Phenomenology Etymology
Greek word phainomenon which means appearance
Logos which means study or reason
Phenomenology
A phenomenon is that which appears to the consciousness of the mind
Phenomenology investigates the essence of nature of the things that appear to a person
Edmund Husserl
Started the method of phenomenology
Phenomenological Strategies
Bracketing
Eidetic Reduction
Existentialism
Emphasizes the persons lived experience to get to the true meaning of reality
Logic
A science that focuses on the analysis and construction of arguments.
Kinds of Reasoning
Inductive
Deductive
Inductive
Specific to General
Deductive
General to Specific
Fallacies
A defect in an argument other than its having false premises
Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad Misericordiam)
Someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting their opponent's feelings of pity or guilt
Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam)
Whatever has not been proven false must be true or vice versa
Equivocation
The logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times but giving the particular word a different meaning each time
Against the Person (Argumentum Ad Hominem)
Attacking the person's character rather than the logic or content of the argument
Appeal to Force (Argumentum Ad Baculum)
Argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force is given as a justification for a conclusion
Appeal to People (Argumentum Ad Populum)
Exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity
Concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it
False Cause (Post Hoc)
One reason is that since an event occurred before another, then the first event caused the other
Appeal to Tradition
The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time
Hasty Generalization
One reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence
Conclusion without considering all of the variables
Begging the question (Petitio Principii)
The proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise of circular reasoning
