period 2 all topics

Germany (German immigrants)

Over 100,000 people from this European country came to Pennsylvania to escape military conscription and religious persecution.

Mennonites

Name the religious group from Switzerland and Germany that came to the English colonies to escape religious persecution and military conscription.

Germany and Switzerland

Mennonites emigrated to the English colonies from what European country or countries?

Pennsylvania

In what English colony did the Mennonites settle when the came to the New World?

Scots-Irish

Large ethnic group that settled in the frontier lands near the Appalachian Mountains. They had been expelled from England and hated the English.

Scots-Irish

They were the largest group of non-English immigrants in the early 1700s.

Presbyterian

What denomination were the Scots-Irish that came to the English colonies?

Shennandoah Valley

In what part of the present day U.S. did the Scots-Irish settle in when they came to the English colonies?

Rhode Island and Pennsylvania

What British colonies had the most religious toleration?

A colonial woman bore an average of eight children and performed multiple tasks including cooking, making clothes, providing medical care, and educating children. She often worked next to her husband in the shop, at the plantation, or on the farm. Divorce was legal but rare, and women had limited legal and political rights.

Explain the life and rights of colonial women.

New England freehold society

widespread land ownership by yeoman farmers in the Mass Bay, Connecticut, and Rhode Island colonies.

1. more people (especially young adults) sought out free western land; however this encroached upon Native American land
2. There was a decline of arranged marriages; children were no longer promised farmland by their parents, therefore they did not go along with arranged marriages.
3. the outwork system
4. raising more corn and potatoes (because these crops yielded more on smaller plots of land)
5. raising livestock (sheep or pigs) instead of grain

What were different consequences to the reduction of farm size in New England, which occurred during the colonial era?

corn and potatoes; livestock

traditional crops such as barley, wheat, and oats had a small yield so many farmers started to switch them out for _________. What did farmers start to raise instead?

Theodore Jacob Frelinghuysen

Dutch-reformed minister of the 1st Great Awakening who vigorously spread his sermons in North American colonies, especially in New Jersey.

revivals

emotional religious gatherings where people came together to hear sermons and declare their faith

Jonathan Edwards

He wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

What famous sermon did Jonathan Edwards write during the 1st Great Awakening?

The sermon warned of the danger of damnation, the justice of God's wrath, and the opportunity for redemption and salvation.

What was the message included in the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God?"

George Whitefield (follower of John Wesley)

English Anglican preacher who was known for his ability to use emotionalism in his sermons. He was considered a New Light. He did a lot of traveling throughout the colonies during the 1st Great Awakening.

Charles Chauncy

He did not believe that the emotionalism of the Great Awakening could truly awaken one spiritually
He was sharply critical of Edwards and Whitefield. He was considered the leading voice of the Old Lights.

Presbyterian and Puritan (Congregationalist) Churches

A split in the ______ and. _______ churches led to the Old Light vs. New Light division.

Old Lights

Orthodox members of the clergy who adhered to the traditional and old ways of delivering sermons and conducting church services.

New Lights

Used revivals and emotional preaching as a more modern way to express their ideas and give their sermons during the Great Awakening

Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist churches

These three Christian denominations experienced an increase in membership during the 1st Great Awakening.

1. Princeton (Presbyterian Church)

2. Rutgers (Dutch Reformed Church)

3. Brown (Baptist Church)

Name some of the sectarian colleges (meaning religiously affiliated) that were started because of the 1st Great Awakening.

Zenger case (1735)

The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel; Newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if actually true.
This case was heavily influential in establishing the 1st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution almost 50 years later.

Sir Isaac Newton

Who wrote Principia Mathematica?

Principia Mathematica

Book that was instrumental in developing and instituting modern mathematical logic. It was a large influence on Enlightenment thinking.

the power of human reason
the natural rights of individuals (self-gov't)

What are the two basic principles of the Enlightenment?

Who was one of the main developers of the social contract theory?

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Who wrote "Two Treatises of Government"?

Two Treatises of Government

John Locke wrote a book which argued that monarchs did not get their political authority from God. In the book he argued there was no such thing as "divine right." Name the book.

life, liberty & property

What were John Locke's Natural Rights?

Ben Franklin

He wrote "Poor Richard's Almanac."

pietism / piety / pious

reverence for God or devout fulfillment of religious obligations; being religious

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives; God is more of a clock maker (God made the earth and all of its guiding principles, laws of math and science, and set the world into motion and does not have an active part in the day to day occurrences on Earth)

Poor Richard's Almanac

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

outwork system

Merchants and artisans bought wool or flax from farmers and paid propertyless workers and land-poor farm families to spin it into yarn and weave it into cloth. This was a way for the propertyless workers or land-poor farm families to make extra money. The merchants benefitted by having more cloth to sell.

indentured servitude

Labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically seven years, in exchange for their transportation to the New World, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities.

1619

What year did the first Africans arrive in Jamestown?

1. work slow downs; they wouldn’t work quickly

2. slaves would sabotage work tools and equipment

3. slaves would run away

4. slaves would go on hunger strikes (refusing to eat)

Besides revolting, what were 4 methods of resistance used by African slaves?

1. The Bible contains examples of slavery, therefore it must be acceptable.
2. Africans followed heathen religions and introducing them to Christianity would benefit them. If African slaves converted to Christianity, then they would benefit from the loss of freedom.
3. Africans engaged in barbarous behavior and sexual promiscuity. Enslaving them would civilize them and rid them of these behaviors.

What were the English justifications for African slavery?

1662 - Virginia hereditary slavery law

Virginia law decrees that children of black mothers "shall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother."

1739 - Stono Uprising (South Carolina)

Slave revolt of 150 slaves in South Carolina who then fled for Florida (then under Spanish rule). The revolt was put down by the South Carolina militia but resulted in the deaths of 40 blacks and 20 whites. This was the largest slave uprising before the U.S. gained its independence.

1782 - Virginia Manumission law

A law which allowed the emancipation of slaves by an owner either at death through a will or while an owner was alive via a deed of manumission (manumission = to set free). Many were freed by their owners as the result of this law

mercantilism

In order to increase its wealth, a nation needs to export more goods than it imports; nations should seek to acquire raw materials from colonized areas, manufacture products in the home country and then sell manufactured products to the colony and other nations.

enumerated goods

Colonial goods including tobacco, indigo, and sugar that were to be shipped only to England or other English colonies.

triangular trade

A system of trade during 1600s and 1700s where Africa sent slaves to the Americas, the Americas sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and manufactured goods to Africa.

middle passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies or southern British colonies.

Navigation Acts

Laws that required colonists to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

South Atlantic System

Slave labor from Africa was used to produce sugar in the West Indies and Brazil.

vice-admiralty courts

Courts that used British judges, instead of juries, to decide the guilt or innocence of colonists accused of violating the Navigation Acts.

writs of assistance

search warrants used to enter homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods

Molasses Act

Name the law that imposed a tax on molasses and sugar imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies; its purpose was to limit the importation of French and Dutch sugar and molasses to the British colonies.

(Era of) Salutary Neglect

English policy of not strictly enforcing laws, specifically the Navigation Acts, in the American colonies.

Dominion of New England

An administrative body created by King James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region
It was put in place to enforce the Navigation Acts, most notably in Massachusetts.

Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England

Glorious Revolution

In England, William and Mary took over the monarchy after the King James II abdicated (left) his throne.

William and Mary

Who took control of England after James II was removed as King of England because he was Catholic?

divine right

Belief that a ruler's (King's) authority comes directly from god. Enlightenment principles are going to challenge this belief.

King / Queen (Monarch)

Divine right believes that _____ should rule and be in control of a country.

Who established (ordered to be created) the Dominion of New England?

King James II

3 different types of English colonies

1. proprietary. 2. corporate. 3. royal

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found along the Atlantic coast in Virginia.

1607

Year that Jamestown was founded.

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I, which allowed it to fund the trip to Jamestown. They were then given the right to oversee the colonial government in Jamestown.

Powhatans

Native American tribe near Jamestown that initially traded with the English settlers and shared farming methods with them, however their relationship quickly became strained and the two sides waged war against each other.

John Smith

He helped govern Jamestown in its first years of existence. His leadership and strict discipline helped the colony get through a difficult winter.

John Rolfe

He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Jamestown (Virginia colony) and cure it for export, which made the colony economically successful.

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved the Jamestown (Virginia) colony from collapse

indentured servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into. In the English colony, the term of service was typically 7 years.

land and tools for farming

After 7 years of indentured servitude, what were indentured servants supposed to be given?

headright system

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. It was used by the Virginia Company to attract more settlers to the English colony of Virginia.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World; it was established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Only wealthy land owners could vote for representatives to this assembly.

1619

What year were the first Africans brought to Jamestown? They were initially brought over as indentured servants, however this practice dissolved and Africans were treated as chattel slaves.

Bacon's Rebellion

Event caused by the failure of the Virginia government to protect indentured servants from Native Americans after they had gone into western lands in search of free farmland. This event showed class conflict in the Virginia Colony.

Governor William Berkeley

He was a British colonial governor of Virginia who favored his wealthy friends by giving them land grants and he failed to protect indentured servants who moved west and experienced conflict with Native Americans.

The Chesapeake

The Virginia colony and Maryland colony are called by this name.

Separatists

A group who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of them made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

Plymouth colony

What colony was started by the Separatists?

Massachusetts

The Plymouth colony later becomes part of what larger New England colony?

1620

When was the Plymouth colony founded?

The Mayflower Compact

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Separatist

What is another name for a Pilgrim?

William Bradford

One of the leaders of the Pilgrim expedition who was also a longtime governor of the Plymouth colony.

Puritans

A Protestant sect in England who wanted to change parts of the Anglican church because the Anglican church contained customs / beliefs that were too close to the Roman Catholic church.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who helped start the Mass Bay colony. He later became the first governor of the colony.

A City Upon a Hill

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's vision for the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a shining example for all Christians.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave the Mass Bay colony in 1637.

George Calvert / Lord Baltimore

Person who was given a proprietorship to the colony of Maryland, which would be used as a refuge for English Catholics.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Maryland

What colony was started as a safe haven for English Catholics?

Protestant Revolt

The Protestants and Catholics did not get along and this caused a civil war among them in Maryland. The Protestants won and repealed the Act of Toleration in 1654.

tobacco

What crop / product was the most valuable to the Chesapeake colony?

Jamestown (1607)
Plymouth (1620)
Mass. Bay (1630)
Maryland (1634)

In the order first to last, put the following 4 colonies in order of their establishment. Can you also identify the year they were started?
- Plymouth
- Maryland
- Jamestown
- Mass Bay

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for more separation of between the Puritan church and the colonial government in Mass. Bay. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

It is considered by some as the first written Constitution. in the colonies. It established a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by the legislature.

Halfway Covenant

This allowed partial membership rights to Puritans who had been baptized but who had not yet experienced conversion (been "converted"). It was started because the Puritan church was declining in population.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

This led to the deaths of twenty people after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft.