Biology Lab 101

Lipids

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Benedict’s Solution

Solution that tests for reducing sugar; usually blue but when mixed turns reddish orange

Lugol’s Solution

Solution that tests for starch; normally yellowish-brown but turns blueish-black when mixed

peptide bonds

a type of bond that binds amino acids which are building blocks of protein; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Biuret’s Reagent

solution that tests for peptide bonds; normally blue, but turns purple when mixed

carbohydrate chemical structure

CH_²O

rheostat

adjusts the light intensity on a microscope

resolving nosepiece

circular structure where different objective lens are screwed into

condensor lens

lens that focuses light on specimen; located below stage

iris diaphragm

controlled by lever on front of condenser lens; change opening of illuminator that passes light to specimen

resolving nosepiece, objective lenses, stage, iris diaphragm, condenser lens

Name structures 1-5

illuminator, base, ocular lenses, arm, stage clips

Name structures 6-10

rheostat, stage mechanism, focus knob

Name structures 11-13

parfocal

lens that stays in focus when magnification/focal length is changed

epithelial and cilia

Name the type of tissue on the left. What are cells covered with that function for movement?

connective

What type of tissue is this?

lamellae, lacunae, central canal

What are the circular rings, dark spots, and middle called?

muscle and nuclei

What is the following tissue? What is the part covered in blue?

nervous, neuron, dendrites

What is the following tissue? What is the center and the branches coming off it called?

S Phase

The process of DNA copying and replicating

Interphase

name for the parts of the cell cycle that are the 2 growth phases (G1 and G2) and S phase

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

5 stages of mitosis

prophase

DNA coils to form condensed chromosomes

prometaphase

nuclear envelope dissolves and spindles attach to chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes pulled by the spindle align along the midline

Anaphase

cohesin dissolves, sister chromatids separate, and spindle pulls them to opposite poles of cell

Telophase

nuclear envelope reform, chromosomes decondense, and cytokinesis forms daughter cells

Cytokinesis

separation of cell and its contents to form two daughter cells; in animals cell membrane pinches to separate daughter cells; in plants, cell wall is built

histones

a protein that DNA is coiled around; eukaryotes - linear; prokaryotes - circular

Kinetochore

structure on condensed chromosome that attaches to a spindle microtubules

spindle

structure that moves chromosomes during cell division; made of microtubules that radiate out

centrosome

special protein complex from which microtubules are organized; microtubule organizing center

Aneuploidy

occurs when mitosis produces daughter cells with incorrect number of chromosomes

Spindle assembly checkpoint

cell’s safeguard against aneuploidy; at end of metaphase, properly functioning cell will not enter anaphase until all chromosomes are connected to microtubules from both spindle poles

Endoreplication

A modified cell cycle where cells do not go through cytokinesis but replicate their DNA and go through mitosis. It can produce large cells with many nuclei

meiosis

pair of cell division that produces gametes (spores in plants & fungi) in sexually reproducing organisms; diploid parent produces 4 haploid daughter cells which are genetically different from each other and the parent

Meiosis 1

begins with a diploid parent cell and produces two daughter cells

sexual reproduction

a new organism is produced from the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote in fertilization

somatic cell

cells in body of eukaryotic organism that divides through mitosis but doesn’t undergo meiosis

Haploid

a cell that contains only one chromosome from each homologous pair; single allele for each gene; generated from diploid cells via meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms