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What are carcinogens?
Environmental factors that increase rate of malignant tumours if exposed for a prolonged period of time
What is the result of non-disjunction in a zygote at fertilisation?
1) Unexpected characteristics
2) Birth defects
3) Potential miscarriage
What is partial non-disjunction?
When part of chromosome doesn't separate correctly
How can we prevent cancers?
1) Reduce sun exposure
2) Legislation on harmful products
3) Diet that has insoluble fibre and low fat
4) Limit alcohol consumption
In meiosis 1, how does non-disjunction affect daughter cells?
4 affected due to homologous chromosomes separation
In meiosis 2, how does non-disjunction affect daughter cells?
2 affected due to chromatids separation
What does aneuploidy mean?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
What does nullploidy mean?
No chromosomes
What does triploidy mean?
Three chromosomes
How many chromosomes in monosomy?
45
How many chromosomes in trisomy?
47
What are some examples of non-disjunction?
1) Downs - trisomy 21
2) Patau - trisomy 13
3) Edwards - trisomy 18
Why does cancer happen?
Cell differentiation goes wrong
What is a tumour?
Abnormal mass in tissue, a result of uncontrolled cell division
Why do tumours appear as lumps and bumps?
Cells have not differentiated into same type as surrounding tissue
What does malignant mean?
Cancerous cells can spread to other parts of the body
What does metastasis mean?
Result in secondary cancers
What does benign mean?
Cells don't spread but will when grown and can place pressure on surrounding tissue
What are examples of carcinogens?
1) UV radiation
2) X-rays - causes mutations in DNA
3) Chemical - alcohol, tobacco, asbestos
