AP Biology - Cell Organelles

Cytoplasm

Jelly- like substance found in cells where the organelles float.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

Ribosomes are attached to the surface of this organelle. It allows materials to travel around the cell. Known as the "highway" of the cell.

Ribosome(responsibility)

Responsible for making proteins.

Lysosome

Organelle that engulfs dead organelles or foreign matter and is basically a recycling center.

Vacuoles

Storage unit of the cell; stores water, nutrients, and waste.

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; found only in plant cells.

Eukaryotic

________ cells have a nucleus and other organelles are enclosed by a plasma membrane.

lipids

Smooth ER is used to synthesis _____.

Prokararyotic

small; lack a nucleus.

Examples of Prokaryotic cells

E. Coil, Archea, Bacteria, Salmonella

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

Grass, Pine trees, Moles, Fruit flies.

What surrounds all cells?

cell membrane

Animal cells

Centrioles are found where?

Rough ER has ribosomes and smooth ER does not.

How does rough ER and smooth ER differ?

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis
Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule
plant cells only

Cell Membrane

Protects cell from surroundings
Allows certain substances in, keeps others out
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
plant and animal

Nucleus

Brain of cell
contains dna
plant and animal

Nucleolus

Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus
plant and animal

Centrioles

Small microtubles arranged in specific ways
aids in cell division
Animal only

Ribosomes

complexes that makes proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
plant and animal

Golgi Apparatus

organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
Plant and animal

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough+Smooth

network of membranous sacs and tubes active in making and transporting proteins and lipids
Plant and animal

Mitochondria

organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated
plant and animal

Cytoskeleton

reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of protein
plant and animal

Central Vacuole

Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it is inflated with water.
plant only

Cell Wall

outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage
made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins
Plant only

Cilia

located on outside of cell. pushes cell forward; short, numerous, and hair-like
plant and animal

how proteins are produced, transported and released

1. DNA in nucleus is code for protein
2. Ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum produce protein
3. Mitochondria produce ATP for protein synthesis
4. Golgi apparatus package and modify the protein
5. Vesicles transport protein
and fuse with cell membrane;

flagellum (flagella)

long, tail-like projection with whiplike or propeller motion that helps a cell move

surface area to volume ratio

a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.

Mitochondial DNA

DNA contributed to the fertilized egg (thus to the child) only by the mother.

endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes