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What is the definition of Schema?
Cognitive structure that provides the framework for organizing the world: People, Places, Events
What is bottom-up processing?
Based on sensory system
Perceive the individual parts and then organize them into a whole
stimulus or input driven
What is top-down processing?
Pre-stored information in memory
Interpretation of stimuli
Experience driven
often a source of misperception
What are the main types of schema?
Relationship, self, social, script, gender
What is Script Schema?
Provide information about the sequence of events
Restaurant, dentist, class
What is self schema?
Information about ourselves
Strengths and weaknesses: How we feel about them
What is social schema?
Information about groups of people
What is the difference between a concept and a schema?
A schema is made of a bunch of concepts. A concept is a single unit of knowledge. i.e. offices have desks
What influences Gender Schemas?
Societies beliefs about the traits of females and males
How do gender schema influence behavior?
Influences self-esteem (only behavior or attitudes consistent with gender schema are acceptable)
Influence how and what social information we process
What is aschematic information?
Information that is not in-line with schema
What are the strengths of schema theory?
Useful in explaining many cognitive processes
Perception, memory, reasoning
Helps us understand reconstructive memory
What are the limitations of schema theory?
Theory is too vague
Doesn't explain how schemas develop
Focuses too much on inaccuracies of memory
How is Bransford and Johnson, 1972 research different than Bartlett?
Focused on process/stages; Bartlett focused on retrieval
What is the conclusion of Darley and Gross, 1983?
Social schemas (SES) influenced the way individuals judged/perceived the ambiguous situation
What does SES stand for>
socioeconomic status
What were the two groups for Darley and Gross, 1983?
Group 1: led to believe that she was a low SES background
Group 2: led to believe that she was a high SES background
what method and design did Darley and Gross, 1983 use?
Experiment (independent samples)
Why do schemas impact memory encoding?
Providing context before something that is unfamiliar will increase memory recall
- coding is more effective
Why do schema impact memory retrieval?
When schemas are triggered before memory retrieval (recognition or recall) memory scores can go up or down
-New information is actively perceived through the schema lens
-Triggered during encoding
-Schemas are activated as we retrieve from LTM too
Who studied the impact of schemas on memory encoding?
Bransford and Johnson, 1972
How did Bransford and Johnson, 1972 measure memory retrieval?
recall of story details
which group in Bransford and Johnson, 1972 research had the highest rate of recall?
full context picture (double the memory score)
wWhat was the conclusion of Bransford and Johnson, 1972 research?
Full context picture creates a mental representation (schema) of the story and increases encoding of new information.
How is memory measured when participants are asked to recall the details of a story?
idea units (established BEFORE the research)
Who conducted research on how schemas impact memory retrieval?
Anderson and Pichert, 1978
What method and design did Anderson and Pichert, 1978 use?
experiment with mixed design
What were the two perspectives participants were asked to take in the Anderson and Pichert, 1978 research?
Home-buyer or burglar perspective
How many filler tasks were used in Anderson and Pichert, 1978 research?
two
- one 12 minute, one 5 minute
Why are filler tasks used in research like Anderson and Pichert, 1978?
to guarantee that they are testing long term memory, not short term memory.
Why did the changed perspective group recall more information in the Anderson and Pichert, 1978 research?
Recalled 7.1% new information
- Recalled info not previously recalled
- new perspective triggered memories not previously emphasized (shows impact of schemas)
How has schema theory helped us understand other areas of cognition?
-Helps us understand reconstructive memory (Eyewitness testimony)
- Gender identity
- Cultural differences
What behavior does schema research usually focus on?
Focuses too much on inaccuracies of memory
Most memory tasks are relatively accurate
what were the research implications of Mahon et al (2009)?
found that from the visual cortex, information about living and non-living objects is shuttled to different parts of the brain .
These findings suggest that our brains automatically sort information and classify it, in the same manner which schema theory predicts.
What biologically based research supports schema theory?
Mahon et al (2009)
Apply Testable (TEACUP) to Schema Theory
Schema theory is testable.
Apply Empirical Evidence (TEACUP) to Schema Theory
There is also biological research to support the way in which the brain categorizes input.
- Mahon et al (2009)
Apply Applications (TEACUP) to Schema Theory
Schema theory has been applied to help us understand how memory works. It also helps us to understand memory distortion.
- It is a robust theory that has many applications across many fields of psychology.
Apply Construct Validity (TEACUP) to Schema Theory
Cohen (1993) argued that the concept of schema is too vague and hypothetical to be useful.
Apply Unbiased (TEACUP) to Schema Theory
Schema theory is applied across cultures. There is no apparent bias in the research, although most of the early research was done in the West.
Apply Predict (TEACUP) to Schema Theory
Yes, we can predict behavior with this theory. BUT, we cannot predict exactly what an individual will recall.
