Euro 28 & 29

World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed

World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed

B. European supremacy in world affairs.

Essentially, the Cold war is best described as

E. clash of Soviet and American ideologies over the most secure geopolitical arrangement of peoples and nations in the aftermath of World War II.

The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was

D. Eastern Europe

A key factor contributing to the development of the Cold War in Eastern Europe was

C. Stalin's desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union.

The Truman Doctrine was a consequence of a civil war in

B. Greece

The Truman Doctrine did all of the following except

A. condemn the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war

The Marshall Plan

E. intended to rebuild European prosperity and stability.

In 1948, the Soviets blocked western access to

C. Berlin

A critical event causing the development of the Cold War outside of Europe was the

C. victory in 1949 of Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War

The Communist military response to the formation of NATO was the

B. Warsaw Pact

An overall effect of the Korean War on the Cold War was

C. the reinforcement of the American determination to "contain" Soviet power

The Cold War policy adopted in the mid-1950s by the Eisenhower administration was

D. massive retaliation

The Warsaw Pact included all of the following nations except

C. Yugoslavia

The policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism was called

B. containment

The event that immediately preceded and sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis was

D. the Bay of Pigs

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 concluded with

A. improved communications between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to prevent nuclear war

The origins of the Vietnam War, in part, lie in the process of decolonization because

A. the division of Vietnam into antagonistic northern and southern states occurred after Vietnamese military forces had defeated the French, former governors of the region

African independence parties were usually led by

A. Western-educated intellectuals

The French colony in Africa which experienced considerable guerrilla war against French rule was

A. Algeria

The Middle Eastern political leader who promoted Pan-Arabism and who advocated a sharing of Middle Eastern oil wealth equally among the Arab states was

E. Gamal Abdul Nasser

The one issue on which the Arab states were united was

C. Palestine

The Indian politician who pursued a policy of neutrality in the Cold War and who attempted to provide leadership to the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa was

E. Jawaharlal Nehru

"An orgy of blood" refers to

B. the separation of Pakistan from India

The Great Leap Forward was

C. Mao Zedong's effort to achieve a classless society and the final stage of communism

The economic policies of Stalin

E. emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons and space vehicles

The economic policies of Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s and early 1960s

C. failed to benefit the Soviet economy and industry

An example of the relaxation of repressive Stalinism during Khrushchev's regime was the publication of

D. Solzhenitsyn's A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Yugoslavia from World War II through the 1970s was characterized by

C. the leadership of Tito, who asserted Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union

The independence movement in Hungary in 1956 resulted in

E. armed Soviet intervention and reassertion of Communist leadership

Due to its strong democratic traditions, the last Eastern European country to fall under Soviet, one-party domination after World War II was

D. Czechoslovakia

All of the following statements about Western Europe are correct except

B. By the 1950s, industrial production was still 30 percent less than before WWII

As president of France, Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War was to

B. make France the "third" nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course

The first chancellor and "founding hero" of the West German Federal Republic was

D. Konrad Adenauer

Britain's welfare state was established during the premiership of

C. Clement Attlee

Which of the following statement concerning postwar Great Britain is false?

E. The Conservative party in the 1950s and 1960s revoked nearly all of the welfare legislation passed by the Labour party in the 1940s.

Post-war Italian politics was characterized by

C. the hegemony of the Christian Democrats with backing from the Catholic Church

The Common Market was

C. founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nations

In the 1950s, President Eisenhower

B. continued the New Deal programs

The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s included all of the following except

B. the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools in 1954

In the postwar world, Canada

A. experienced many of the same developments as the United States

The social structure of the postwar European society has been greatly affected by a dramatic increase in the number of

E. white-collar management and administrative personnel

All of the following statements regarding women in the post-war era are correct except

B. working women received equal pay with men by the 1960s

In her path-breaking text, The Second Sex, the influential French feminist author Simone de Beauvoir argued that

B. women were always and wrongly defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as second-class beings

The post-World War II art world has been mostly dominated by

A. New York City

The American artist Jackson Pollock was most noted for

E. Abstract Expressionist paintings

The philosophical doctrine of existentialism, with its emphasis on God as a fiction, no preordained human destiny, and the human creation of all values

D. was best expressed in the works of the French writers Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre

The philosophical doctrine of existentialism stressed

A. the need for people to create their own values and give their lives meaning

The horrors of two world wars, the Cold War, and attendant socio-cultural upheavals have also stimulated a late twentieth-century religious revival exemplified in the works of Karl Barth, who has argued

C. that the sinful and imperfect nature of humans means that they can know religious truth not through reason but only through the grace of God

American motion pictures in the post-war years have

A. been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture throughout the world

Which of the following statements is not correct about popular music during the 1950s and 1960s:

A. Rock and roll has no connection with African-American music

Which action did Richard Nixon take following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?

gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam war

The counterculture movement based its tactics, including sit-ins and boycotts, on the

American civil rights movement

Who began the wave of social unrest that almost toppled Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic?

Students

Poland differed from the other East Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because

independent agriculture and vigorous church

How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?

as a sign that the war was not close to ending

The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for

respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries

Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?

Betty Friedan

Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand

was forced to introduce austerity measures

A second global oil shock occurred in 1979 after

a fundamentalist Islamic revolution overthrew the shah of Iran.

Which Western leader came to power in the 1970s and 1980s without embracing neoliberalism?

François Mitterrand

Which statement best characterizes the result of Margaret Thatcher's effort to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments?

it created a new class of property owners

Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress

cut taxes and balloons the government deficit

Which best describes the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?

a progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions

The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the East Bloc was

to seek peace and reconciliation

How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?

Church membership and attendance declined significantly

Which policy did the New Left advocate?

The establishment of socialism with a human face, which would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism

The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s

relied on high tech and service oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs

Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?

massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin

In the 1960s and 1970s, which purpose was served by eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?

to introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products

The leaders of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia hoped to

To reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decision by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning

Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?

the United States had aided Israel and its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973

Which statement best reflects a lesson from the era of stagflation in the 1970s about the social welfare states in western Europe?

The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy

The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted

privatization of state-owned businesses

How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the German economy?

The policy increased unemployment in heavy industry, but led to solid economic growth

Which of these did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book, Silent Spring?

the rampant overuse of pesticides

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of

Basque separatists

Which statement best describes East Bloc living standards in the 1970s?

Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world

The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included

an extensive system of state supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home

Who was the founder and leader of the Polish trade union Solidarity in the 1980s?

Lech Wałęsa

How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?

It sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreements with the Communist government

Which of these was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?

to revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it

Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were

published secretly and passed from hand to hand

How did many Soviet citizens begin to create an active civil society in the 1980s?

from watching the Congress of People's Deputies, Who is deputies had been chosen and free elections in 1989

How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe?

it became violent and bloody when Communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands

How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?

he offered the east Germans and economically advantageous swap of east German currency for west German currency

Which factor led directly to the Soviet Union's decline in 1991?

internal dissent mixed with nationalism

Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union included

emerging as a radical reform Communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union

The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies

had the right to intervene and in any East Bloc country necessary to preserve Communist rule

Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or

economic restructuring

Charter 77 was a manifesto signed by a small group of Czech citizens that called on Communist leaders to

respect civil and political liberties

In response to the growing power of Solidarity in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski, a general and head of the Polish government, suddenly

proclaimed martial law and arrested Solidarity's leaders

Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?

Tadeusz Mazowiecki

Which result occurred in 1989 after the Hungarians tore down the barbed-wire curtain separating Hungary from Austria?

large numbers of dissatisfied East German "vacationers" crossed from Hungary into Austria and from there onto west Germany

Which statement best describes the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty-two European countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union?

essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both World War II and the Cold War

The following is an excerpt from Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (Thinking Like a Historian): "For each of us, as for the robin in Michigan or the salmon in the Miramichi, this is a problem of ecology, of interrelationships, of interdependence. We poison the caddis flies in a stream and the salmon runs dwindle and die. We poison the gnats in a lake and the poison travels from link to link of the food chain and soon the birds of the lake margins become its victims. We spray our elms and the following springs are silent of robin song, not because we sprayed the robins directly but because the poison traveled, step by step, through the now familiar elm leaf-earthworm-robin cycle. These are matters of record, observable, part of the visible world around us. They reflect the web of life-or death-that scientists know as ecology. . . ." Carson wanted her readers to understand that

damaging one member of an ecosystem could do damage to all members of the ecosystem.

The following is an excerpt from "Some Preconditions for Resolving the Ecology Crisis" (Thinking Like a Historian) by Rudolf Bahro, a founding member of the West German Green Party: "The ecology crisis is insoluble unless we work at the same time at overcoming the confrontation of military blocs. It is insoluble without a resolute policy of détente and disarmament, one that renounces all demands for subverting other countries. . . . The ecology crisis is insoluble without a world order on the North-South axis. And we must realize that our entire standard of living [in the North] is largely based on the exploitation and suppression of the rest of humanity. . . ." In this excerpt, Bahro suggests that a solution to the ecology crisis will require

relaxation of the East vs West Blocs, needs global peace/stability, détente/disarmament, international cooperation, North-South global order

Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989 shows that most of the events of the Velvet Revolution took place in which capital city?

Prague (capital of Czechoslovakia)

According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country was the first to display a democratic movement?

Poland

According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country had the most popular demonstrations?

East Germany

Which statement best explains the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?

East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s