Psy 1100 UVU exam 2 Experience Human Development Textbook by Diane E. Papalia 14th edition ch 5-9

Babies are born with the ability to learn

true

classical condtioning

associating an involuntary response with stimuli

operant conditioning

associating a voluntary behavior with a consequence, positive reinforcement (reward) and negative reinforcement (punishment)

Piaget's Theory of cognitive development (Know the order of stages)

Stage 1 sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years) Stage 2 Preoperational (2-7 years) Stage 3 concrete Operational (7-12 years) Stage 4 Formal Operational (12 years and up)

circular reactions

primary, secondary, tertiary

Primary circular reactions:

action and response both involve the baby's body, action is repeated

Secondary circular reactions:

action gets a response from another person or object

tertiary circular reactions:

action gets one pleasing result, so baby performs different but similar action to get the same result. ex: steps on toy and it makes noise so they pick up toy and squeeze it.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Information Processing:

How we perceive, understand and remember information

Info processing approach: Phase 1:

Familiarization: Infant watches as events happen normally habituation

Habituation

as an infant gets used to it's environment they stop responding to stimuli like a dog barking

Info processing approach: Phase 2:

Violation of expectations: The event is changed in a way that conflicts with past procedure, If an infant watches phase 2 longer then the infant has noticed a change or dishabituation has occurred. ex: dog stops barking and starts winning so infant notices the change and looks at dog longer

Early Vocalizations - Newborns

Crying

Cooing

Repeating vowel sounds: "ahhhh"• 6-8 weeks

Babbling

Repeating consonant sounds: "ma-ma-ma"• 6-10 months

Interaction with adults

helps with babies' speech

things to understand about Piaget's Theory

-Still accepted today, but it's modified -Infants are far more competent than Piaget believed them to have been

Personality

A consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior

Emotions:

Subject response to experience (Sadness, joy or fear)

Psychosocial development

Personality entwined with social relationships

Embarrassment, envy, empathy develop at

2.5 years

Empathy:

Ability to put self in another's place- Requires social cognition

Temperament: 3 styles

•Easy (40%) -Generally happy, Responds well to change and novelty •Slow-to-warm up (15%) -Generally mild reactions, Hesitant about new experiences •Difficult (10%) - Irritable, Intense emotional responses

Infant temperament predicts

personality in childhood, adolescence and adulthood

Goodness of Fit:

Does child temperament match environment physically, socially or culturally

According to goodness of fit,

parents should try to match their parenting to the infant's temperament

Erik Erikson's: Social Development stage 1:

Trust vs Mistrust: birth to up to 18 months, Feeding child, sensitivity, response and constant care.

A child who did not learn to trust during the first 18 months would have

Difficulty forming relationships

John laughs and plays with everyone whereas Tommy does not. What will their relationships be like?

John will have better relationships with others compared to Tommy

Attachment: 4 patterns

Secure Anxious-Ambivalent Avoidant disorganized-disorientated

A child that rarely leaves their caregiver, has what attachment

Child has Secure attachment

A child who gets anxious in the presence of their mother or gets excessively worried when she leaves, and resists contact and is not comfortable when she returns, has what attachment

Child has Anxious-Ambivalent

A child who seeks little contact with parent, does not care she parent leaves or returns, has what attachment

Child is Avoidant

A confused, insecure and inconsistent child who shows fear when parent is around them, has what attachment

child is disorganized-disorientated

Emergence of Self Concept:

Perception of own characteristics

personal agency

recognition that one can be the cause of an event, I can make that move!

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness, I'm GREAT at making it move!

self-awareness

Knowledge of the self as a distinct being

As children develop what changes physically, mentally, and socially?

Their bodies become slimmer their motor and mental abilities are sharper their personalities and relationships become complex

A child who is thinner as they get older and yet only gains a little amount of weight that child is

Having normal growth

Sleep Patterns: By age 5

most U.S. average about 11 hours of sleep per night and give up naps

Sleep disturbances:

Nightmares, Sleep terrors, or sleep walking

Nightmare vs sleep terror

A child who has a dream that scares them and wakes them up this child is having a (nightmare)

Sam wakes up from deep sleep panicking, but his parents are able to put him back to sleep quickly and the next say Sam does not recall the occurrence Sam had a (sleep or night Terror)

Monica used to go to bed just fine, then suddenly refuses to sleep without a night light. Monica is

avoiding sleep

Erikson's 2nd stage

Autonomy vs Shame (1 or 2 to 3) Positive interactions with care taker helps toddler develop a sense of autonomy; forcing a child to comply results in shame and doubt

gross motor skills

motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking

fine motor skills

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

Jack is learning to race his peers, and this involves his leg muscles growth. Jack is developing

Gross motor skills

A child learning to paint, and draw is also developing

fine motor skills

because of Immunization

Many diseases are now rare due to us having immunization

Theory about increases in food allergies

Environment might be too clean

Piaget: Cognitive Development pre-operational stage ages:

2-7

Symbolic Function:

(Words, numbers, mental images) Thinking without cues, thinking before doing and pretend.

Jake remembered that they had driven past a green truck on the road. It is an example of

Symbolic function

Megan and her friends had a fake lemonade stand and asked their family to buy the lemonade. They were playing

pretend

Piaget: Immature Aspects of preoperational Thought

Egocentrism: Example: Willy comes home and asks his mother what she thinks of the movie he had seen in school that day even though his mother has no idea what the movie was. Conservation: Example: Lilly and Max were each given a piece of pizza, but because Lilly cut hers into pieces Max thought she had more pizza.

Causality (transduction)

thinking correlation = causation, what kids think

Mike makes his sister cry while playing. Later his sister got the cold Mike then believed because he made his sister cry. That's why she got sick. This is

transductive reasoning

Information Processing Approach: Memory Development

sensory, working, autobiographical memory and retrieval

When the music stopped playing in the car, Joe could still hear the tone of the song this is

Sensory processing

Kira was given a list of words to read and then was asked to repeat those words back to her teacher. They were testing Kira's

working memory

Bailey has many memories from elementary school, but she particularly remembers her first fire drill. This is an example of

autobiographical memory

Josh had a hard time recollecting his fav memories from the party he attended last night. Josh is struggling with

Memory retrieval

theory of mind

the ability to know about mental states of ourselves and others

Erikson: stage 3:

Initiative vs. Guilt 3-6 Stage 3 builds on the autonomy stage and is strengthened by both independence and limit setting. Like most stages, this is a balancing act of learning to initiate activities and play and trying out leadership.

Psychological and Behavioral differences between males and females. They are minimal, with the exception of ___________ They are influenced by a variety of things, like __________________

activity levels, aggression, and playtime preferences

hormones, parents, and the media.

Gender Roles

what is considered "appropriate" for each gender

Gender-typing

the process in which the child is taught or becomes aware that their gender and has to behave a certain way. They do this by adopting certain values and attributes of the gender that they identify as.

For example, a girl learns that she is a girl and avoids "dressing like a boy" and talks about her future as a "wife and mother."

Diana Baumrind: two dimensions of parenting:

Acceptance/responsiveness. This includes praise, encouragement, affection vs rejection, and criticism Demandingness/control. This includes restrictions, rules, structure versus permissiveness

authoritarian parenting

(high demandingness, low acceptance) •Control and unquestioning obedience •"b/c I said so" •Very little independence

permissive parenting

(low demandingness, high acceptance) •Parents value self-expression and self-regulation •Few, if any rules•Lots of independence

authoritative parenting

(High demandingness, high acceptance) •Value child's individuality as well as restraint •Explain reasons for rules•Moderate independence

neglectful or uninvolved parenting

(low demandingness, low acceptance) Parental needs are most important

2 main different types of aggression

Overt Aggression, Relational or Covert Aggression

Overt Aggression

intended to harm others physically through kicking, punching, or mentally through physical threats. It is intended to achieve a goal, like fighting for a toy or for a certain spot or chair. For example, Carson pushes his little sister, Bailee, off of a chair in order to get attention from his Mother.

Relational or Covert Aggression

aggression that is harm within relationships that is caused by covert bullying or manipulative behavior. Examples include social isolation, the "silent treatment" or spreading gossip and rumors. For example, Charlie knocked down a tower of blocks that Dixie built. Dixie is frustrated by this and teases her little brother until he cries.

middle childhood Physical Development Growth

Weight: Doubles from age 6 to 11 Height: About 2-3 inches each year

Some of the effects of childhood obesity include _____________ Treatment________________

behavioral problems, depression, low self-esteem, physical and social functioning problems. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults.

Treatment should begin early and promote permanent changes in lifestyle, not just weight loss. Parental involvement in their children's lifestyle changes are the most effectinve. For example, if Coby is a very overweight kid, he might be watching way too much TV and his parents probably need to intervene and change his lifestyle.

executive functioning

the ability to consciously evaluate and control your thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems. For example, if a friend says or does something that then upsets you, your first instinct may be to express that anger, but you then start thinking about why they possibly did it. For example, if Gregory is waiting for his mom to say that its okay to have a snack, this is an example of executive functioning.

Metamemory

the knowledge about the process of memory. Its basically thinking about your memory.

For example, Randy is wanting to memorize his address. He tells his mom "If I say it to myself so many times, I will remember it." Here, he is practicing metamemory.

Metacognition

Awareness of one's own thinking process. It is thinking about thinking.

For example, reading the passage of a book and realizing that you didn't learn anything, so you go back again to learn more.

mnemonic devices

techniques or memory devices that aids information Retention or retrieval in the human memory for better understanding. ex: Rhymes are one type of Mnemonic device. Other examples of Mnemonic Devices include rehearsing things out loud or repeating a list.

pragmatics

the social context of language and the ability to use language socially to achieve communication goals.

middle childhood Language and Literacy

As vocab grows, kids start to use more precise words and start to realize that one word can have multiple meanings.

IQ controversy

critics claim that IQ tests underestimate the intelligence of kids who are in ill health or do not do well on tests. They claim that because the tests are timed, they equate knowledge to speed