UTS FINALS

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change throughout one's life, including an increase in synapses between neurons and changes in the function and structure of neurons.

Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals.

Metacognition

The awareness of one's thinking and the strategies used to learn.

Metacognitive knowledge

Knowledge of cognitive tasks and strategies to complete them.

Metacognitive regulation

The monitoring and control of one's cognitive processes.

Self-regulated Learning (SRL)

The process in which students direct themselves toward the attainment of their academic goals.

Planning

A component of SRL involving setting short-term and long-term academic goals.

Problem-Solving

A component of SRL involving using strategies to overcome obstacles and challenges.

Self-evaluation

A component of SRL involving reflecting on one's academic performance.

What are the three SRL components?

Planning, Problem -solving, Self-evaluation

• Who Identified the Two Components of Metacognition?

  • • Metacognitive knowledge

    • Metacognitive Regulation

• Psychologist John Flavell

• What did Doctor Michael Merzenich say?

• Learning new knowledge and skills every day keeps the structures of the brain in

  constant change which increases its ability to learn

Where does neural plasticity occur?

In the Cerebral Cortex

What are the four lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

• who said this

• “If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of being you will probably be unhappy all the days of your life”

• Abraham Maslow

What are Goals?

• Is the object towards which behavior is directed usually within a specified period

• Locke and Latham goals direct attention, effort and action

• Two Categories:

  • Short-term goals

    • Day, week or year

  • Long-term goals

    • Over a year or more

Factors that may Influence Goals

• Values give direction to behavior

• Needs also activate and direct behavior

• What is the drive-reduction theory?

• Humans are motivated to satisfy their needs to maintain homeostasis

• What are the Two Classifications of Needs?

  
  

• Physiological Needs

  • Innate needs of the body such as food and water

• Psychological Needs

  • Arise from a relationship with other people such as affiliation achievement

What is Abraham Maslow’s Theory?

The theory of the hierarchy of needs

• How needs motivate behavior

• The biological or physiological needs are at the bottom

• The need for self-actualization is at the top

• How does Psychologist Albert Bandura define self-efficacy?

• Self-efficacy is a person’s belief that she can successfully perform behaviors that will produce the desired effects

• Self-efficacy plays a central role in people’s thoughts and motivations

Bandura claims Efficacy beliefs influence academic Performance

• What are the two categories of mindset according to Psychologist Carol Dweck

The two categories are:

• Fixed Mindset

  • The belief that intelligence or talents are fixed traits and they worry about making mistakes

• Growth Mindset

  • Mistakes and effort are critical for learning

• Mindset is related to self-confidence and motivation

What is Goal Setting?

• Goal setting is the process of improving the work performance of individuals

• Goal setting is the process of improving the work performance of individuals

What is the acronym for goal setting?

• Goals should be Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART)

• Locke and Latham suggest that the most effective performance results are attained when goals are specific and challenging

What is stress?

• Stress refers to the events that are perceived as challenging, damaging or threatening to one’s physical or psychological well-being

What are stressors and the two types?

• Stressors are the events itself that are perceived as challenging

• Two types of stressors:

  • Eustress

    • Occurs when people experience positive events that require them to adjust

  • Distress

    • Occurs when people experience negative events that make a great deal of demands on them

• What is the Approach-approach Conflict?

• When a person needs to choose between two attractive options

• What is the Avoidance-avoidance Conflict?

• When a person needs to choose between options that are both unpleasant

• What is the Approach-avoidance Conflict?

• When a person needs to choose between options that have both positive and negative consequences

• What is the Multiple Conflict?

• Multiple Conflict

  • When there are two or more options

  • It is likely to occur during the examination season

What are defense mechanisms?

• Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies or ways to deal with frustrations, conflict, and stress to cope with the pain and deal with anxiety

What is the Beatnik Reaction? (defense mechanisms)

• A person exhibits behaviors that stand apart from the standards of society and avoids most responsibilities of a good citizen

• Includes: Smoking, drug use, early sex and dropping out

What is Displacement? (defense mechanisms)

• Destroying things or harming other people

What is Identification?(defense mechanisms)

Imitating the characteristics of a person he or she admires to deal with insecurities

• Avoiding negative emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspect of one’s life (kind of defense mechanism)

• What is Intellectualization?

• (defense mechanism)

  • Acting opposite to what a person truly feels

• Reaction formation

• (defense mechanism)

  • Is pushing unacceptable impulses or urges into the unconscious

• Repression

• • Effects of stress are manifested in this mode

  • Developed by Psychologist Hans Selye

  • The body goes three stages of physiological reactions during stressful events

  • ARE (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

• General Adaptation Syndrome

• The body goes three stages of physiological reactions during stressful events

• Alarm

  • Initial reaction is where the sympathetic nervous system releases hormones such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

• Resistance

  • The body adapts to the stress but continues to release hormones

• Exhaustion

  • If stress continues fatigue will occur

  • If stress is not properly dealt with the person will experience exhaustion and may experience psychosomatic illnesses (flu allergies, headache

• The way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes

Cognitive view of stress

• By Cognitive Psychologist Richard Lazarus

• What is acculturation for Immigrant Filipino Workers?

• Acculturation is the process of adaptation by immigrants that make behavioral or attitudinal changes

• Acculturative stress refers to the feelings of tension that accompany the efforts to adapt to the orientation and values of a dominant culture

• Self-compassion has been shown to reduce what?

• anxiety, stress, and depression

• Self-compassion has three elements:

• Self-kindness

• A sense of common humanity

• Mindfulness

• How does the WHO define health?

• “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being that is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

• What does the implementation of the Philippine Mental Health Act in 2017 do?

• Establishes mental health services that will promote mental health and protect the rights of persons with mental health conditions

Who said or claimed this?

Learning new knowledge and skills every day keeps the structures of the brain in constant change which increases its ability to learn

Doctor Michael Merzenich

Who said or claimed this?

The process in which students systematically direct themselves toward the attainment of their academic goals

Zimmerman

Who said or claimed this?

• identifies two components of Metacognition

  • Metacognitive knowledge

  • Metacognitive regulation

Psychologist John Flavell

Who said or claimed this?

If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of being you will probably be unhappy all the days of your life”

• The theory of the hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow

Who said or claimed this?

• the two categories of mindset are Fixed Mindset and Growth Mindset

Carol Dweck

Who said or claimed this?

• The body goes three stages of physiological reactions during stressful events

  • Alarm

  • Resistance

  • Exhaustion

• General Adaptation Syndrome

Hans Selye

Who said or claimed this?

• The way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes

• Two-step process in appraising the degree of threat:

  • Primary Appraisal

  • Secondary Appraisal

Richard Lazarus