what you NEED to know PE SAC1

Closed Motor Skills (+ 3 example)

performed in a predictable, self-paced environment with low inter-trial variability eg. Basketball free throw, golf drive, batting in t-ball

Open Motor Skills (+ 3 example)

performed in a constantly changing, externally paced environment with high inter-trial variability eg. field goal in basketball, surfing, kicking goal on the run in AFL

Fine Motor Skills (+ 3 example)

delicate, precise movements that engage the use of small muscle groups eg. shooting in archery, dart throwing, movement of fingers in spin bowling

Gross Motor Skills (+ 3 example)

movements involving the use of large muscle groups resulting in a coordinated action eg. throwing cricket ball, hitting ball, kicking footy

Discrete Motor Skills (+ 3 example)

movements of brief duration that are easily defined by a distinct beginning and end eg. shooting netball, kicking footy, catching frisbee

Serial Motor Skill (+ 3 example)

series or group of discrete skills strung together to create a more complicated action eg. triple jump, bball layup, gymnastic routine

Continuous Motor Skills (+ 3 example)

has no distinct beginning or end eg. running, swimming, track cycling

What is constraints based coaching? (+example)

learning through manipulation of constraints so the player learns through participation rather than instruction eg. small-sided game in soccer training

What is Direct Coaching? (+example)

learners are given explicit instruction on skill execution; learner is told what to do and when to do it eg. line drills focusing on passing in soccer training

What is Random Practice? (+example)

practicing a variety of skills in the same drill eg. a rally in tennis using a mixture of shots in unpredictable sequence

What is Blocked Practice? (+example)

practicing the same skill repeatedly under the same conditions eg. hitting 100 golf drives

What is Massed Practice? (+example)

training sessions that are long in duration but less frequent eg. local teams training two times a week for 3 hours

What is Distributed Practice? (+example)

frequent short training sessions eg. professional teams training five times a week for 75 minutes

Characteristics of a Cognitive Learner

many errors, unable to detect & correct performance errors, trial & error style of learning

Characteristics of an Associative Learner (4)

consistent performance of skill, concentration on skill refinement, improved ability to detect & correct errors, some perception of important cues in a game environment

Characteristics of an Autonomous Learner

Performance is automatic, few errors, able to adjust skills to game environment, greater tactical awareness, can detect and correct errors

Impact of Family on skill acquisition and participation (3)

Parents fund their children’s sport, provide encouragement and impact their children’s attitudes and values towards learning

Impact of Culture on skill acquisition and participation (5)

different nationalities identify with different sports, prevalence of particular sport, language barriers, lack of role models, discrimination

Impact of Peers on skill acquisition and participation

friends have big impact on which sports are played therefore impacting which skills they develop

Impact of Gender on skill acquisition and participation (4)

availability of appropriate facilities, inclusion policies, media coverage, fewer opportunities

Impact of SES on skill acquisition and participation (4)

family income, occupation and education levels. Impacts include; costs & access to facilities in low SES areas

Impact of community on skill acquisition and participation (3)

access to and quality of facilities, cultural/ social norms, natural environment

What is the Inverted U theory?

as arousal increases, performance improves, but only up to a certain point. If the athletes arousal increases beyond this point, then performance decreases.

What strategies increase Arousal? (5)

acting energetic, positive self-talk, energising imagery, music, pre-competition workout

What strategies decrease Arousal? (4)

progressive muscle relaxation, controlled breathing, meditation, biofeedback

Newtons 1st Law of Motion (+example)

An object will remain at rest or in its current state of motion unless acted upon by an external force eg. trapping a soccer ball

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion (+example)

An object with a greater mass will require a greater force to accelerate it to the same degree eg. shot-put takes more force to throw than a tennis ball

Newtons 3rd Law of Motion (+example)

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction eg. Action- bat striking ball, Reaction- force of the ball back on the bat

What is Summation of Momentum?

correct timing & sequencing of body parts to produce maximal force

What is Linear Motion? (+example)

motion in a straight line where all parts of the object travel same distance, same direction and same time. eg. downhill skier holding fixed position

What is Angular Motion? (+example)

motion around some type of axis, external or internal eg. External; a gymnast rotating on a high bar, Internal; a joint in the body such as shoulder

Define Impulse (+formula)

the change of momentum of a body. force x time

What is Angular Momentum?

a measure of how much rotation a body has around an axis; the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity

Define Inertia

the reluctance of a body to change its state of motion

What is Intrinsic feedback? (+example)

information received from an individuals sensory systems eg. a gymnast can ‘feel’ if they are rotating fast enough to complete the skill

What is Augmented feedback? (+example)

information that comes from an external source eg. a coach yelling from the sidelines

What is concurrent feedback? (+ example)

information received during performance of skill eg. coach telling athlete to keep foot pointed during a kick

What is knowledge of performance?

feedback on how the skill is performed/ the execution eg. video analysis

What are Individual constraints? (+examples)

the physical, psychological and behavioural characteristics of an individual eg. height, weight, confidence, decision making skills

What are Environmental constraints? (+examples)

characteristics of the environment, including physical and social factors eg. climate, playing surface, influence of peers, cultural norms

What are Task constraints? (+example)

the defining characteristics of the activity or sport eg. the goal, the rules, the equipment and the size of the field

What is mechanical advantage?

a measure of how much a lever amplifies force.

a measure of how much a lever amplifies force or speed. Mechanical advantage increases force, Mechanical disadvantage increases speed