BIO111 Semi-Final Exam

Describe why observation is the most basic science process skill

It is unbiased and objective. Anyone can do it. It is the initial step for the rest of the scientific method.

Describe and demonstrate the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations

Qualitative- What you can know from using your senses

Quantitative- Observations that use numbers and/or measurements

Define prediction

Prediction- Say or estimate that a specified thing will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something

Define manipulated variable

Manipulated Variable- (Independent) is changed by the experimenter

Define Responding Variable

Responding Variable- (Dependent) changes in response to the change in the manipulated variable. It is usually measured to determine the effect of the manipulated variable

Define controlled variable

Controlled Variable- All other things must be kept from changing during the experiment

Define hypothesis

Hypothesis- A statement about the relationship between variables. It should be a statement about the predicted effect that the manipulated variable will have on the responding variable. It must specifically state the direction of the effect

Know what structures are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: Have a cellular membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material. Do NOT have organelles or a nucleus.

Eukaryotic: Have a cellular membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material. DO HAVE organelles and a nucleus.

Know the similarities and differences between all of the eukaryotic cells that we viewed:

Plant Cells- Found in multicellular organisms. Have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles for water storage

Animal Cells- Found in multicellular organisms. Do NOT have cell walls, chloroplasts or large central vacuoles.

Protist Cells- Unicellular organisms. Live in moist environments. Effective transport of materials via diffusion. Most can move. Good indicators of soil and water. Some cause disease

Be able to identify which eukaryotes are single-celled or multicellular, which ones can be photosynthetic, and which ones can move.

Protists- Unicellular. Most can move. Photosynthetic.

Plants- Multicellular. Can move. Photosynthetic.

Animals- Multicellular. Can move.

Know the tenets of cell theory

-All living things are made of cells

-A cell can be defined as the basic unit of life

-A cell has all the components necessary to complete all of the activities of life (Growing, using/making energy, reproducing, etc.)

Be able to identify three domains into which all living things are classified

Domain Archaea- Bacteria that live in very harsh, primitive environments. Prokaryotes. Live in hot springs, sewage, saline marshes, etc.

Domain Eubacteria- Bacteria that are commonly found in food and more temperate environments etc. Prokaryotes. In Yogurt, Cheese, Human Mouths, Animal Skin, Soil, Water, etc.

Domain Eukarya- Kingdom Protista. Kingdom Fungi. Kingdom Plantae. Kingdom Animalia.

Kingdom Protista

Unicellular and simple eukaryotes.

1.) Includes Protozoa (an important component of zooplankton), algae, slime molds, and water molds.

2.) Single-celled algae, amoebas, marine plankton

Kingdom Fungi

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter

1.) Includes decomposers and parasites

2.) Ex. Mildews, molds, yeasts, mushrooms

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

1.) Includes a wide array of plants (flowering, non-flowering, vascular, and non-vascular)

2.) Ex. Mosses, trees, herbs, shrubs

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular eukaryotes that consume other organisms

1.) Includes herbivores, carnivores, and detritus feeders

2.) Ex. Rabbits, humans, bear, catfish

Be able to calculate total magnification from the magnification of the ocular and objective lenses

Ocular- (the one close to your eye) =10x

Objective- (the one close to the specimen) = variable [4x, 10x, or 40x]

The total magnification possible = (ocular lens mag.) X (obj. lens mag.)

Understand the term "virtual image" and how it applies to what you view under the microscope.

Because it has been flipped an odd number of times and distortion

Be able to define the terms diversity and abundance

Diversity- the number of different types (specials) of organisms

Abundance- the frequency of any single type (species) or organism or the "total body count" of all protists found in a water sample (as a whole)

Understand the difference between the definitions for diffusion and osmosis

Diffusion- the process by which molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis- a special case of diffusion in which we refer to the movement of water. It moves towards an area of high solute concentration

Know the basic properties of a semi-permeable membrane

Allows small molecules (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide) to move relatively easily. Water diffuses from an area with more water available to an area with less water available

Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

Isotonic- If the concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell

Hypotonic- Concentration is lower on the outside than the inside of the cell

Hypertonic- Higher concentration out of than inside the cell

Explain the relationship between atoms and molecules and energy

Atoms- The basic units of elements

Molecules- A group of atoms bonded together

Energy- The capacity for doing work

Identify the types of organisms that can perform cellular respiration

All organisms use CR to access the energy stored in glucose

[Photosynthesizers use light when it is available (creating glucose) but can "eat" their stored glucose when light levels are poor

Explain where carbon comes from that is respired as CO2 by ALL living organisms and cells

Carbon in the air; CO2 in air (photosynthesis) -->C6H12O6 (cell resp.) -->CO2 (released)

Identify the types of organisms that can perform photosynthesis

Any organism with photosynthetic pigment can photosynthesize

Plants, Protists (produce at least half of Earth's oxygen supply) Cyanobacteria

Explain where plants obtain CO2 and H2O. What other 2 things do plants need to do photosynthesis?

Sunlight + Chloroplasts

Describe the flow of energy and carbon through an ecosystem (round trips or one-way tickets?).

Energy is one way ticket and carbon is round trip

Producers Trophic level

Producers- Capture abiotic energy and convert it, with atoms from the environment, into food. Some use the sun's light for energy. Some use chemical bonds

Consumers Trophic Level

Obtain energy from biotic sources. (Energy prepackaged in the molecules of the bodies of other organisms)

Detritus Feeders Trophic Level

Obtain energy from biotic sources, but eat whole pieces of dead organisms or organismal waste products (Ex. Maggots feeding on a dead rat)

Decomposers

Obtain energy from biotic sources by secreting enzymes into dead organisms or organismal waste materials and then absorbing their energy and atoms at a molecular level

Describe where energy enters the energy pyramid

Enters as sun energy

Describe the role of humans in the energy pyramid

We are primary and secondary consumers

Describe how energy is lost at each level

You lose heat at each level, so it is not 100% efficient (due to entropy)

Describe how the land used around Galloway Creek may result in diminished water quality

It flows past homes, a quarry, and a freeway

Explain how the macroinvertebrates were used to determine the water quality from the two Galloway Creek locations

They are easy to collect, easy to identify, Life span of >1 year, Limited Mobility

Are pollution-sensitive or pollution-tolerant organisms weighted most heavily in this calculation?

Pollution-sensitive??

Describe what we concluded about the Galloway Creek fish kill from the macroinvertebrate evidence

Water quality rating is poor due to surrounding land conditions

Describe the relationship between genes and alleles

Gene- the basic unit of heredity; A segment of DNA at a particular location on a chromosome that will be used to make a specific product.

Allele- One of several alternative forms of a particular gene

Will the same genetic information be in all the gametes from one individual? Describe why the offspring of two individuals don't always look alike.

Each parent contribute one allele for each trait. The alleles may be the same or different which could make them look different in some respects.

Define genotype and phenotype. Describe the relationship between these two terms and an organism's environment

Genotype- the genetic information of an individual located in the DNA

Phenotype- The physical appearance of an individual

Define homozygous and heterozygous. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive alleles.

Homozygous- Both alleles are the same

Heterozygous- The alleles are different

Dominant- The trait that will be expressed

Recessive- Trait won't be expressed unless both parents give a recessive allele

Be able to identify examples of incomplete dominance or codominance

Incomplete dominance- the phenotype is a mixture of the parents' alleles

Codominance- When the alleles are equally expressed

Explain how genotype and phenotype are related

Genotype- The genetic information of an individual located in the DNA

Phenotype- The physical appearance of an individual

-The genotype produces the phenotype

Explain why organisms must compete for survival and how some individuals of a species survive better than others in the sam environment

Natural Selection

Explain how mutation and natural selection can interact to produce organisms that are more well-adapted to their environments

Natural selection weans out the bad genes and makes the organisms better fitted for the environment over time

Mutation- error in the structure of a gene

Understand how asexual reproduction differs from sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction- One part. Genetically identical offspring

Sexual reproduction- Two parents. NOT genetically identical offspring

Be able to predict how changing environmental conditions will affect phenotypes in a population of organisms

Certain traits that make organisms survive better such as color will become more popular as natural selection weans them out due to predators or environmental conditions

Be able to discuss whether natural selection acts upon a species' genotypes or phenotypes, using your experiences in the lab for evidence

The phenotype

Know what traits scientists can use to differentiate between reptile, mammal, primary, and secondary consumers' skulls

Reptile- Only one tooth type, turbinates (convoluted bone structures in nasal cavities that allow air to be warmed before entering the body) ABSENT

Mammal- More than one tooth type. Turbinates present.

Primary Consumers- Side facing eyes.

Secondary Consumers- Forward facing eyes.

Define Tendons

Thin, strong, light-colored, band-like connective tissues that bind muscles to bones

Define Ligaments

Extremely tough, thin, white, band-like connective tissues that hold joints together (similar to tendons, but even stronger)

Define Cartilage

Smooth, white, non-elastic cushioning tissue that protects the ends of bones from grinding damage.

In the chicken wing:

Bicep, Humerus, Shoulder, Tricep, Ligament, Radius, Wing, Wrist, Cartilage, Elbow

Understand how muscles cause bones to move

It contracts and relaxes

Understand why the middle of chicken wing bones are dark.

Bone marrow is present. Red and white blood cells are being produced

Understand why chicken wing skin is stretchy and tough

It allows mobility

Define tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and muscle

Tendons- Skin is attached to muscles by Fascia (thin, transparent tissue that connects skin to muscles) Muscles are attached to bones by these. Thin, strong, light-colored band-like connective tissues that bind muscles to bones.

Cartilage- (Tissue that cushions the ends of bones at a joint) Smooth, white, non-elastic, cushioning tissue that protects the ends of bones from grinding damage

Ligaments- (Tissue that binds bone to bone in a joint) Extremely tough, thin, white, band-like connective tissues that hold joints together

Know the main joints in the chicken wing

Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist

What are you eating when you consume a chicken wing?

Muscles, Skin, Tendons

Define Optic Nerve

Transmits a signal from the retina to the brain (connected to the retina at the "blind spot")

Define Sclera

Tough, white, protective tissue covering most of the eye

Define Cornea

Transparent (in living tissue), protective covering of the pupil and iris

Define Pupil

Hole through which light enters the eye

Define Iris

Muscle that adjusts the amount of light entering the eye

Define Vitreous Humor

Gelatinous material that helps the eye to hold its shape

Define Retina

Light-receptive back wall of the eye, containing rod and cone photoreceptors, that detects an image

Why do muscle and fat surround an eyeball?

To help cushion the eye and keep it warm (respectively)

Why can we understand a great deal about human arms by looking at chicken wings and sheep eyes?

Because they are homologous structures